THE CHANGES OF THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ON MICRO-REGIONAL AND SETTLEMENT LEVELS

The purpose of this paper is to define and estimate the human potential of the settlements in SouthCserehát,, Hungary. The human development index in the classical view can be estimated atmicroregional level with only hard distortions, to which the list of starting indicators differ from the usual indicators, such as GDP and GNI, the life expectancy at birth and the portion of taking part in education. However, the estimating calculations made for defining the human potential in a settlement level should be handled with hard restrictions , at the same time it perfectly shows the formation of the human factor in the region. As a research question the following was defined: In what range has the human potential changed on the basis of the census data and what kind of configuration changes have happened in the South-Cserehát? The aim of the study to attempt to estimate the HDI on settlement level.

INTRODUCTION "The precise definition of the human resources, a concept heard so often that it now almost seems a common place, is not an easy task. What is the point? It is that the human resources, the institutions contributing to their development, and the total of the social conditions and endowments together constitute those assets that a spatial unit disposes of." (Rechnitzer-Smahó 2006:8). Human development is measured in a lot of ways by many people, depending on the territorial unit and the statistical data. The highly debated HDI is used international level (NUTS 0. territorial level), regional level (NUTS 2. territorial level) created by international methodology with a good responsibility.
The HDI index consists of three major parts (Fig. 1). They can explain the complexity and purpose of the index.
• the average lifetime which can be estimated for at the time of the birth is the index of long and healthy life • the knowledge obtained in education shows the knowledge level of a person • the GNI per person shows the income and standard of living.

Figure 1 The parts of Human Development Index
Source: Own compilation "The Human Development Index (HDI), first introduced in the 1990 Human Development Report (UNDP: 1990), was in response to the need for a measure that could better represent human achievements in several basic capabilities (what people can do and be) than income based indices of growth and development and could provide a credible alternative to them." (Kovacevic 2010:1) To calculate the HDI in a classical view, an average formula is used, that can be applicable for all of the parts of HDI as a self-reliant index (mutual methodology international level Lipták, K. created by UNDP). To compare the relationship between indicators, terms and territorial units, we have to perform a normalization with the help of the indicators' fixed minimum and maximum values. (Kristóf 2003(Kristóf :1091 The formula is the following: (1) where X i is the actual value of variable, X max is the fixed maximum value of the variable, X min is the fixed minimum value of the variable.
During the calculation the minimum and maximum values were fixed by the international values in the following way (HDR 2014): • the average lifetime which can be estimated for at the time of the birth: 20 and 85 years • education index: expected years of schooling: 0 % and 18 %; mean years of schooling: 0 % and 15 % • the GNI per person (puchasing power-parity) 100 US $ and 75.000 US $. The HDI index is calculated in the following way: 1. Firstly, we calculate the index of the average lifetime.
2. Then we calculate the average education, after determining the expected education.
The education index is calculated with the values of the first step indicators in the following way: 3. In the next step, we calculate the modified GNI index. In the case of GNI, the natural base logarithmic transformation holds the differences in the magnitudes that are used (calculation of logarithmic serves to show the index of the decreasing increment of the income growth, and it cuts down the differences on the basis of absolute values of GNI per person), which has the following formula (Bhatnager 2002): 4. As the final step, we determine the HDI: The methodological of HDI calculation has changed considerably during the last two decades. The last methodological change was more significant when the former applied GDP was substituted to GNI. (3)

INDEX AND THE SETTLEMENT LEVEL HUMAN POTENTIAL
For the HDI related territorial units that are smaller than the country level during calculation of the human potential, the indicators are modified and we apply the relevant indicators to the territorial units. In territorial units smaller than the regions, we can calculate (counties: NUTS 3. level, micro regions: LAU 2. level) only the modified human development index (MHDI). (Husz 2001, Kristóf 2003, Obádovics-Kulcsár 2003, Csite-Németh 2007, Farkas 2012. In my former research I have also performed regional (Lipták 2013), and micro regional (Lipták 2009) HDI calculations as well.  • Average school class number over 7 years within population (school class number), that gives information about the education standard of the given settlement living people -education index.
• The number of 0-14 years (person) and over 60 years on the base of 100 people, that shows the settlement aging similar to the aging ratio. Due to the lack of information, I applied this instead of the average lifetime which can be estimated for at the time of the birth -aging index.
• The whole domestic income per person (HUF/person) that shows the income level of the settlement -income index (the income was not deflated).
• The number of dependents for 100 people (person) (for the calculation I used the reciprocal data because the highest value reflects unfavourable processes and it can be misleading) that gives information about the level of incapacity for work -dependent index.
I didn't change the formula when creating sub-index, so it is the same as used at the country level (see Formula 1).
The applied minimum and maximum values data are highly debated, but I decided to base my thesis on all-time minimum and maximum values of the whole database. After having calculated the sub-indexes, the values of the final settlement human potential according to the UNDP, similar to the geometric mean, the product of sub-indexes is put to the fourth root.   283 observable, but by 2011 more settlements dropped to a lower value class from a higher quintile group, such as Felsővadász, Forró, Homrogd, Kázsmárk, Léh. At the same time improvement was observable in some settlements like: Abod, Abaújlak, Gibárt.

Figure 5
The education quintile of the settlements in South - Cserehát (1990Cserehát ( ., 2001Cserehát ( ., 2011 Source: Own compilation based on own calculation Movement of settlements between the different quintiles was more significant in the case of the ageing index (Fig. 6). All in all, this sub-index shows the most significant decrease. In the case of Szikszó, the index value declined continuously or rather the number of elderly people were getting higher and higher and the number of 0-14 years were getting lower.

Figure 6
The aging index quintile of settlements in South-Cserehát (1990, 2001 Source: Own compilation based on own calculation   I have also controlled the human development of the settlements in South-Cserehát and I have showed the data moving in a separate map (Fig. 9). I took as a basis the class interval data in 1990 and every following year to be able to ensure the comparability.

Figure 9
The human potential values of South-Cserehát (1990, 2001 Source: Own compilation based on own calculation In the settlements connected to Edelény, the human potential was far lower than the settlements connected to Encsi and Szikszó. The grouping was represented according to the quintile in the settlements of South-Cserehát (Fig. 10). The groups of human potential values in a settlement level show interesting configuration changes.

Figure 10
The human potential quintile of South-Cserehát (THP) (1990., 2001., 2011. year) Source: Own compilation based on own calculation In 1990 three settlement circles with fairly strong regional potential can be observed in the map: first is Edelény, Borsodszirák, Ziliz and Boldva circle, the next one is Szikszó settlement