A CITY FOR THE NEXT GENERATION? INTRODUCTION TO THE ‘KRAFT’ COMPLEX SYSTEM OF INDICATORS IN CASE OF VESZPRÉM CITY WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO THE DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS OF LOCAL RESIDENTS

Nowadays we face the increasing significance of regions as social, cultural, political and economic interaction systems (Agnew, 2000, 2001 and Haukkala et al., 1999 in Palekiene, Simanaviciene, & Bruneckiene, 2015). Due to the ongoing changes in global economy they face several challenges regarding the well-being of their inhabitants. Meanwhile, it is worth to consider that the different inhabitants and stakeholders would have different preferences for the development and use of various sources of the settlement. The differences in the utility functions may lead to conflicts. These conflict would arise among new comers and current land owners, businesses and NGOs or among inhabitants too, even among generation groups (like the case of “OK, Boomer”). As the economic concentrations attract increasing number of residents small and medium-sized towns (SMSTs) must design programs which improves their population retention. Challenging that, the KRAFT (‘Creative City, Sustainable Region’) Concept developed by iASK (Institute of Advanced Studies Kőszeg, Hungary) is a regional development initiative, which focuses on the connectivity and cooperation of key players. One of the major outcomes of the initiative is the ‘KRAFT’ complex system of indicators (‘KRAFT-index’), an analytical tool suitable to demonstrate regional development tendencies regarding eight specific development areas (economic development, governance, social vitality, health, culture, networks, natural and built environment and education, learning). In 2017 we have conducted an on-site survey: during 2 months 1,200 questionnaires have been collected in Veszprém city. The computer-assisted data collection (filling one questionnaire required about 35-40 seconds) with the tracking ensure the representability checkable. The data collection aimed at identifying and collecting opinions and attitudes of local residents 16 years old and above, having permanent or temporary address in Veszprém. The sample is representative by age, gender and district (based on an integrated urban development strategy). The aim of the current research is to highlight differences in behavioural patterns and satisfaction among the generations which could be influential in the long-term development of the city which will be the European Capital of Culture 2023. The research results underline the significance of applying the generation theory into regional strategic planning, since dominant differences would be observed how the groups evaluate the environmental conditions, community cohesion of the city, as well as what environmental factors they evaluate as important and to what extent they are attached to the settlement.


INTRODUCTION
Nowadays we face the increasing significance of regions as social, cultural, political and economic interaction systems (Agnew, 2000(Agnew, , 2001Haukkala et al., 1999 as cited in Palekiene Szabó, M. et al., 2015). The globalization and penetration of global supply chains forming new types of economic relations in regional systems (let just consider export-base theory of Douglas C.

North, or The Growth Pole theory of Francois Perroux and Boudeville or The New Economic
Geography by Paul Krugman for e.g.). By consequence, the research about how different territories would maximize the welfare of well-being of residents has become important. The economic -social -environmental resources, often referred as 'territorial' capital (Camagni & Capello, 2013) is vital in case of any shocks which emerge in today's world of transitions like economic downturns, industry shocks which influence the path and pattern of regional economic growth, the quality of life of the inhabitants as well as the state of built and natural environment. Regions, with specific structures, often represents an inner core-periphery system, where the importance of cities, larger settlements is high, the neighbourhood often depends on the economic viability and growth of core areas (like urban-rural linkages). As the economic concentrations attract increasing number of residents small and medium-sized towns (SMSTs) must design programs which improves their population retention. (Miszlivetz & Márkus, 2013) Answering these challenges, the KRAFT ('Creative City, Sustainable Region') Concept developed by iASK (Institute of Advanced Studies Kőszeg, Hungary) is a regional development initiative, which focuses on the connectivity and cooperation of key players. By providing an integrated analytical framework that enables the collective recognition of individual (i.e., corporate, governmental, academic) and common interests, a more complex and profound understanding of middle-and long-term development objectives of dominant actors is sustained. This integrated approach is the key to future success and socio-economic and ecological sustainability (Miszlivetz & Márkus, 2013).
One of the major outcomes of the initiative is the 'KRAFT' complex system of indicators, an analytical tool suitable to demonstrate regional development tendencies. In connection to the development initiative a survey has been implemented in Veszprém city in 2017.
There are different kind of shocks and stresses which influence the development path of cities, regions. For SMSTs a major stress is losing population, or in other terms the challenge for population retention. The generation group studies are gaining popularity nowadays from value assessment of the society to adaption to climate change. The concept is discussed in regional science too. The current study makes an attempt to demonstrate the relevance of generation theory for strategy elaboration of SMSTs. Hence the main research question is to what extent SMSTs could serve as an attractive place to live for younger generations? The current study gives a contribution to that discussion from the perspective of a Hungarian Szabó, M. settlement, Veszprém aiming facilitating the research in that field in the future. Therefore, that study is composed as follows: on first hand provides theoretical background of role of cities in regional development, on second hand introduce the test area Veszprém city in brief. On third hand, at the methodological part the research framework is interpreted, introducing eight variables which have been assessed from generation groups' point of view concerning natural -social -economic -dimensions of the settlement with additional situation analysis and outcome indicators. After that, the results are highlighted concerning differences in behavioural patterns, value perception and satisfaction among the generation groups which could be influential in the long-term development of the city which will be the European Capital of Culture 2023.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Considering the importance of cities in regional developments several attempts have been made in order to assess and make comparable the performance of cities in maximising human wealth or quality of life (QOL). The Quality of Life is the output of sustainable use of endogenous and exogenous factors implemented by regional/ urban development programs (Camagni & Capello, 2013). For instance, The Urban Sustainability Index (USI) used by van Dijk and Mingshun (2005) measures the urban status, coordination, and potential of four Chinese cities, while the Urban Vitality Index (UVI) by Yang, Su, & Chen (2010) emphasize the that urban ecosystems are parallel to vital organisms in terms of structure, function, performance and evolution, thereby the development status is the function of economic, social, natural and ecological regulatory subsystems respectively. Even national initiates exist like the Malaysian Urban Indicators Network as discussed by Marzukhi et al. (2011): sustainability city indicators can be seen as a measure that gives a summary of information about the subject of the problem.
Applying system perspective too, the Winnipeg Quality of Life Indicators call the attention to human needs' compliance requirements, as Hardi and Pinter (2007) introduces the fundamental of the set of indicators in Winnipeg which aims to assess to what extent that people value QOL in the settlement; how they appreciate the size and pace of the city and its amenities; to what extent they are attached to their neighbourhoods; and whether they feel that Winnipeg is a great place to raise a family. There are other measures which aim at determining the inhabitants' QOL in a settlement. Mercer, an American leading provider of data on quality of living for employees sent to work abroad publishes each year a 'Quality of living city ranking' which Szabó, M. evaluates the performance of nearly 500 global assignment destination (from Hungary Budapest is included) on recreation, housing, economic environment, consumer goods availability, public services and transport, political and social environment, natural environment, socio-cultural environment, school and education and finally, medical and health considerations (mobilityexchange.mercer.com, online). Another one, the 2018 edition of Arcadis' Sustainable Cities Index (SCI) explores city sustainability from the perspective of the citizen ranking 100 global cities (from Hungary Budapest is included in, too) on three pillars of sustainability: People -social, Planet -environmental and Profit -economic (Arcadis, online) or on city networks (Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor of the European Union). The more one index is based on available, hard data from international databases the more replicable.
Otherwise, by the combination of hard and soft indicators, not just the behavioural patterns would be examined, but the attitudes and motivations of inhabitants too, which is not covered by general data collections. The KRAFT system of indicators belong to the second category and aims to help policy and strategy development. In the current study, such measures will be discussed which concerns the QOL of inhabitants, more precisely the value perception of inhabitants on environmental factors; faith in other people, institutions; satisfaction with environmental conditions and he income situation of own households; as well as attitudes on attachment to the city and ambitions to live in the city on long run.
Regional development, aiming to maximize the welfare of inhabitants, to create a sustainable territorial structure for long term viability trough the mobilization and exploitation of local resources has high importance in population retention. Nevertheless, as while Simmie and Martin (2010) point out regional development is far from a smooth and incremental process, instead, it is the subject to all sorts of interruptions and disruptions (unexpected plant closures, unpredictable rise of major competitors, challenges arising from technological change and the like), and the state responses answering these challenges and the degree of decentralization and the adaptive capacity is different from territories to territories. Fekete (2018) for instance examines the economic development and governance pathway of a Hungarian regional centre underlying the importance of time dependent and evolutionary nature of urban systems' boost.
Increasing differences among regions and income inequalities within societies contributed to the increasing scientific interest concerning complex assessment of territories. Rácz, Koós & Neumark (2006) examine social, economical relations of disadvantageous regions including employment patterns, income sources and income vulnerability, mobility trends, intergeneration mobility of the society, relational specialities role of weak and strong relations in humans' life, connectedness to various public and civil institutions and attractiveness of city, fidelity of inhabitants. Furthermore, answering the different needs of humans/ generation groups in urban development is an addressed issue by several studies. Barysheva and Kashchuk (2015) examining the impact of territorial marketing on improving the socio-emotional wellbeing of the older generation finds, that it is a useful tool creating and maintaining comfortable living conditions of different age groups, taking into considerations their characteristics, however it is a challenging issue whether generations should have their own area of activity and rest. Gébert, Bajmócy, and Málovics (2017) points out, while several study emphasize the importance of quality of life and liveable cities, in reality the core point of regional development is to operate and maintain the "urban growth machine" by Kirkpatrick & Smith (2011). Szabó, M. 234 Challenging that, they suppose an "people-centred" analytical-evaluation approach based on the capability approach of Amartya Sen (1999).
Evidence both from the capability approach and Christaller's central place theory, that the size of the settlement determines high extent the development possibilities. Servillo, Atkinson & Hamdouch (2017) introducing a Special Issue in Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie explains, that recently most attention has been paid to larger urban and metropolitan areas, within which smaller settlements are considered to constitute embedded settlement configurations largely 'subservient' to the metropolis. They emphasize, that the size issue that the terms themselves 'small and medium-sized towns (SMSTs)' carry is controversial: cities that are smaller than other cities imply the presence of a threshold that tends to become blurred when we observe a territory that has a wide variety of urban forms and different patterns of land use. Although, the importance of size (expressed by the number of inhabitants for e.g.) is inevitable, it is relative and moreover depends on the territorial context in which the urban settlement is located which varies from country to country. Their development is a function of macro and meso-trends affecting socio-economic dynamics of regional systems, in which the importance of capacity-building factors (both countable and uncountable) ascend. Kovács

DATA AND METHODS
Short description of the test area: Veszprém. Veszprém is one of the oldest urban areas in Hungary, a city with county rights. It is 15 km far from the Lake Balaton. The city with 56.000 (2018) residents is the administrative centre of the county of the same name. Veszprém is a historic town, a regional centre of the catholic church, a place, where the first institution of Szabó, M. higher education was established in the country that taught the seven liberal arts as early as the 13 th century. The historic centre of Veszprém is the castle. The present-day historic town evolved during the town development constructions of the 18-19 th and the early 20 th century.
World War II and the following period caused relatively little damage to the old centre. (veszprem.hu, online; www.veszpreminfo.hu, online; Örsi, Á., 1994) Characteristics of the settlement. From population dynamics perspective Veszprém has become a significant centre after World War II, from the '50s to the '90s its population has been tripled (nepesseg.com, online). The population size was at maximum in 1990 when more than sixty-thousand inhabitants lived in the city. After that, the population size has been decreased. Parallel to the loss of the population the aging index of the settlement is continuously rising: in 2008 it was 151.7, while in 2017 it is197.6 according to the Hungarian Central Statistical Office [HCSO], which is higher than the Hungarian average (178.4 in 2017). The decrease in the inhabitants' number is due to both the natural population loss and to the negative migration balance generally. The ratio of inhabitants has university degree according to the last population census in 2011 is 21.7%, which is significantly higher than the Hungarian average (12.7%). Veszprém has a diversified, strong local economy, the most important economic sectors are the machine, electrical, automotive, chemical, food, building, press and furniture industries, with the logistics sector also becoming more and more significant (investinveszprem.com, online). The preferable economic status is reflected by the income patterns: the brut net income per inhabitant is continuously increasing from 2009 and significantly higher than the Hungarian average. It may seem unreasonable that despite the stable economic performance of the city it has challenges with population retention. In relation to that the integrated urban development plan for the programming period between 2013 and 2020 discusses that new development programs aiming the introduction of higher-value added industries would improve the capacity (veszprem.hu, online). The strategy points out other challenges which mainly concern the traffic and poor travel conditions, conservation of natural resources, limited property of the local administration, maintenance and reconstruction of the built environment. From the viewpoint of introducing new type of economic development activities the fact that Veszprém won the title of the European Capital of Culture in 2023 has high importance. For the elaboration of the project, Veszprém applied jointly with the Bakony and Balaton Region for the ECC title, which will aim that culture and high added value creative industries would become the main motor of regional development (2023veszprem.hu, online). Szabó, M. Data. The data collection aimed at identifying and collecting opinions and attitudes of local residents 16 years old and above, having permanent or temporary address in Veszprém. All  Proportion of respondents by generation groups who strongly disagree, agree and strongly agree (%) Source: own compilation As seen, the questionnaire uses 4-point Likert Scale questions for measuring, value, satisfaction, and agreement. Tab. 2 explains the values by categories. It must be stated, that the analysis and results may have limitations on modelling the functioning and motivations of local societies. The analysis would carry out results for first exploration but Szabó, M. in order to comprehend generation groups' role, their specific needs use of qualitative methods are highly recommended.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this section the results of the statistical analysis are interpreted according to the research framework.

General information
Among the respondents 46.75% is male, 53 25% is female.  In order to ensure representativeness, eight districts/ surroundings have been considered when construing the sample with the appropriate ratio of inhabitants as indicated: Csapó, and Lenner (2012) describing the settlement structure of Veszprém emphasize that horizontal plan of city clearly reflects its development path: how the structure of the fortressbased medieval town has been renewing including the involvement of the surrounding hills, development of the industrial zone. The structure also reflects the accelerating importance of preserving and maintaining urban green zones near to larger dwelling zones increasing the liveability of the city.
The more the population live in a certain district the more the probability for diversified generation portfolio, as we could observe from the results of the assessment of the city area composition by generations. Another effect on the diversification of the sample that the generation groups are unevenly distributed (as in reality) among the population, hence due to the size-effect larger segments are fragmented to higher extent than others. The next figure indicates how the population is distributed among the districts of the settlement, and furthermore how the population in those districts are diversified by generation groups. deeper analysis assessing how the different generations would live together, but it seems that Szabó, M. in case of the city centre, it is quite challenging that elder generations dominate it, while those parts of the city would be essential for younger ones to find the settlement 'viral'. It could be hardly managed that how the differences in the utility function in connection to usage could be addressed by urban development. The mixture of various purposes may cause conflicts among inhabitants (let's just consider the negative externalities of new business models for renting, or increasing noise level due to entertaining facilities). Table 4 Generation groups' ranking in districts (2017) No. Districts Veterans Baby boomers Generation X

Natural environment
Inevitably influential part of quality of life of inhabitants in urban areas is the quality of natural environment. Respondents have been asked on one hand to name the value of various natural elements, on the other hand to explain their satisfaction towards environmental conditions. Tab. 5 introduce the elements of the analysis. In case of the first variable, to investigate the value perception of generation groups the proportion of respondents grading '1' and '4' has been analysed. Tab. 6 indicates the share of those respondents who consider the different natural elements not important is low, often Szabó, M. represent a small group of people, consequently strong conclusions could not be drawn, nevertheless it is quite positive result, that there are more topics which none of the respondents of Generation Z considers not important. More than 50% of all respondents of each generation groups declares that the listed factors/ issues have high value (Tab. 7). It is interesting that, on group level, in case of the younger generations the focus moves from result-type of elements (like cleanliness of the settlement or waste management) to natural capital equity (natural waters, protected areas, woods, animal and plant species). Tab. 8 indicates the ranking of factors based on the value perception of generation groups.
Besides the average, the standard deviation has been calculated to express the variability among groups. The other variable examined in relation to natural environment is the satisfaction with environmental conditions. As already mentioned, basically the respondents are satisfied with the state, availability, quality of the natural environment/ capital, considering that the proportion of answers for 3 or 4 (rather and absolutely satisfied) for each element is above 80% on average.
Satisfaction with air quality of the settlement (

Economic, income status
For assessing the satisfaction level of respondents concerning the income situation of own households, they have been asked to evaluate the following statement: 'I am satisfied with the income level of my household'. Besides the four options one other option was provided for those who does not answer, cannot answer (do not know or not concerned). Around 91% of the residents made statement: 1.17% totally disagree, 11.17% disagree moderately, 38.00% agree and 40.58% strongly agree. The percent of inhabitants agrees with the statement is above 80% in 'Iparváros', 'Cholnokyváros' and 'Jutasi út menti lakóövezet'. They are followed by the 'Belváros', 'Jeruzsálemhegy és Csatárhegy', 'Egyetemváros', 'Dózsaváros' and finally 'Kádárta és Gyulafirátót' where the proportion is still preferable, as it's above 50%.
From the five generation groups Generation X and Y are the most satisfied followed by Baby boomers, then Veterans and finally Generation Z. In case of the last two the proportion of respondents who does not answer, cannot answer (do not know or not concerned) is relatively high compared to other generation groups which in case of Generation Z possibly due to the fact they are in dependent status.  In case of any kind of difficulties the generations could expect help from family members.
Concerning friendships, the differences are slightly higher: from generations to generations the level of reliance grows. Generally, respondents would rely more in family members, but in case of Generation Y and Z we can see in case of psychical difficulties, they prefer friends. Lesser extent, but neighbours, people live in surroundings are also important: around half of the generation groups agree and strongly agree they could expect help from them. The share of respondents who could rely on church in case of any kind of difficulty is moderate, from Baby boomers to Generation Z stands at the last place of examined relations/ institutions. Lesser extent than friends, but it worth to note, that in case of Generation Y the respondents agree and strongly agree they could rely on colleagues is significantly higher than other generations.

Outcomes
Attachment to the city and ambitions to live in the city on long run are the two variables from the range of outcome indicators which have been analysed currently. In case of the first variable, the distribution of respondents providing valid answer (0.2% has not answered) are: none (1.3%), low (8.6%), moderate (36.7%) and high (63.2%). As Fig. 4 indicates the level of attachment to the city is rather moderate and high among respondents. The proportion of respondents rating '4' is highest in case of the Veterans and shows diminishing tendency from generation groups to generation groups. The appropriate value in case of Generation Z (32.22%) is half of the Veterans' one (65.28%). Last, ambitions to live in the city on long run is examined, which is one of the most important indicators for urban development, as it expresses the inhabitants' motivation being part of local community. According to Fig. 5 all generations would agree and agree strongly that they would live in the city on long run. Nevertheless, it is quite clear, that in case of Veterans, Baby boomers and Generation X the highest share of answers is achieved in case of option 'strongly agree' meanwhile, the local maximum of share is at 'agree' in case of Generation Y and Z meaning that the strength of willingness of younger generation groups' is lesser than 'elder generation', but still remarkable. Szabó, M.  CONCLUSION Current study considers regions as social, cultural, political and economic interaction systems which aims maximize the welfare of well-being of residents. In this process, economic -social -environmental resources, often referred as 'territorial' capital is vital, and the availability and accessibility as well as exploitation of these capital elements imply an inner core-periphery system, where the importance of cities, larger settlements is high, the neighbourhood often depends on the economic viability and growth of core areas. Recently most attention has been paid to larger urban and metropolitan areas, within which smaller settlements are considered to constitute embedded settlement configurations largely 'subservient' to the metropolis.
Nevertheless, 'small and medium-sized towns (SMSTs)' are important in spatial structures from societal, economic and ecological point of view, or more holistically, from diversity perspective. Nowadays, the functioning of urban areas is more diverse than simply 'economic engines'. They are reliable for the exploitation of material and immaterial resource supply including population matters, income sources. Societal challenges, like income vulnerability, mobility trends, intergeneration mobility of the society, relational specialities role of weak and strong relations in humans' life, connectedness to various public and civil institutions and attractiveness of city, fidelity of inhabitants are requiring strategies enhancing long-term development. Programs, which aims to enhance well-being of cities should avoid consider population as a 'mass', rather creating and maintaining comfortable living conditions of Szabó, M. different age groups, taking into considerations their characteristics, however it is a challenging issue whether generations should have their own area of activity and rest.
This study provides insights into a study which is consisted of the analysis of eight variables which have been assess from generation groups' point of view concerning natural -socialeconomic -dimensions of the settlement and additional situation analysis and outcome indicators of Veszprém city. The elaborated analysis underlines that it is worth to take attention to special needs of generations in urban planning. The analysis has carried out that there are more environmental factors which younger generations consider important, which potentially could be the effect of 'climate crisis'. From the evaluated elements of the environment, the average satisfaction level of generation groups' standard deviation is the highest in case of noise level (5.13%), air (3.96%) and state of ground and groundwater (both 3.94%) meaning that the generation groups' satisfaction level differs the most in case of these items -however the differences in the perception of the noise level would contribute to the less harmonized "together-living" of the generation groups. The generation groups' satisfaction with their income status is quite preferable, among the generations which have jobs currently it is higher than the others, meaning that the city would offer jobs with good salaries. From QOL perspective, an integrated community has high importance. The results show that the inhabitants have diverse relation structure and would expect help from others, nevertheless there are generational differences. The research has carried out that the level of attachment to the city is rather moderate and high among respondents, but the proportion of respondents rating '4' has a diminishing tendency from generation groups to generation groups. All generations would agree and agree strongly that they would live in the city on long run. Nevertheless, it is quite clear, that in case of Veterans, Baby boomers and Generation X the highest share of answers is achieved in case of option 'strongly agree' meanwhile, the local maximum of share is at 'agree' in case of Generation Y and Z meaning that the strength of willingness of younger generation groups' is lesser than 'elder generation', but still remarkable. From the results it is quite evident that inhabitants like to live in Veszprém and has strong connections to the settlement. The absence of those industries which attract and retain highly qualified population limits the attractiveness of the city, meanwhile the 2023 European Capital of Culture program and connecting regional development would be a large step forward.