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In accordance with the general world trend, a new form of breweries expands in the Czech beer market - mini-breweries. More than 220 new mini-breweries have been established in the period 2013-2016. This tendency does not let up. As the number of mini-breweries increases, we can inspect a strengthening competing pressure in this sector. Mini-breweries are supposed to start to really compete within among themselves and fight for customers. The data collection was done in January 2017 by means of an electronic survey on all population of mini-breweries (350 companies registered by December 31, 2017). The response rate was 41%. The aim of the paper is, by means of the descriptive statistics methods, to find out, what marketing tools the small breweries' managers or proprietors consider as most important with regards to the competitiveness of their business. The collected data were analysed by means of one-way classification according to the defined segmentation criteria. Most of respondents consider a good reputation (89%), recommendation of current clients (85%), and own website (60%) to be most important communication tools.

International and interregional migrations, the geographic form of human mobility have a number of social, economic and political effects. These impacts can vary depending on the reference period, region or sector as well as on the goals and aspects of our interpretation. Another important question in connection with regional competitiveness is how decision makers act and react after perceiving migratory movements. Analysing the interference between immigration and regional development, we can rely on the well-known migration theories, however, a comparison of further models and concepts relating development and regional issues can be more useful for researchers. These questions are relevant, since the issues of the regional science, such as regional competitiveness and regional policy, have in the background strong associations with migratory phenomena.
The aim of this study is to introduce the theoretical background, summarizing the mainstream solutions and the controversies as well. Thus the first part presents the role of the migration theories and these of the regional science in connection with the linkages between immigration and regional competitiveness. Besides it points out the importance of immigrants' inclusion. The next section focuses, complemented with the outcomes of a multivariate statistical analysis, on the theories on determinants and causalities of migration, exploring the connecting points with the issues of the regional policy.

Ecotourism is one of the most popular sectors in the modern tourism industry. Eco-entrepreneurship is a recent development in entrepreneurial society. These two sectors together attempt to solve the environmental and socio-economic problems. This paper analyzes eco-entrepreneurs organizational factors for community ecotourism development in the case of Kabani community ecotourism organization. The study comprised of both secondary and primary data. For primary data, the author conducted a field study research with community members of a small-scale eco-entrepreneurial organization, Kabani Community Tourism between October to December 2017. For secondary data, the author engaged in an extensive literature review process to identify eco-entrepreneurship research conducted in the tourism industry. Quantitative primary data were collected through questionnaires among 56 local communities employed by Kabani ecotourism organization. The well-known classified technique, Principle Component Analysis has been performed to find the factors of eco-entrepreneurship organization for local communities development. These factors are named as a social, economic, and environmental development factors. Findings show that local communities see eco-entrepreneur organizational factors socio-economic, environmental and local communities age and environmental educational awareness programmes influence the development of ecotourism.

The average temperature of the world over the past 100 years has ri sen by 0.6°C. The rising temperature will likely present a big challenge for society and the environment in the future. The population has the ability to respond to it in a variety of ways, especially nowadays when technology is evolving daily. In order to reduce the harmful impacts of climate change and allow communities to thrive in the face of it, adaptation strategies are needed. These strategies need to be accepted by local and national governments, households, and industry. This paper has aimed to derive information about each and discuss the best solution. A theory of smart cities, eco-city theory, city logistics, and sustainable cities are the main strategies whose concepts have upgraded urban planning and building design that can prevent climatic damage but are still consistent with the environment. Innovative cities in developed and developing countries have demonstrated that with the appropriate strategies resource efficiency can be economically enhanced while simultaneously reducing pollution and waste. It is shown that this way improves the quality of life and supports the development of a culture of sustainability.

The concept of territorial capital, presented by the authors as an alternative to exogenous, FDI-driven economic restructuring strategies, has fertilised regional development policy thinking in multiple ways. Triggering reflections on the bottom-up reconceptualisation of regional policy, it has a particular salience in peripheral or lagging regions due to its potential to reverse deeply-entrenched core-periphery relations. The paper discusses the concept of territorial capital with a view to its policy embeddedness and academic valorisation. The structure of the paper is as follows. The first section presents the theoretical antecedents and conceptual evolution of the notion of territorial capital. This is followed by a brief discussion of the relevance of territorial capital in non-core or peripheral Central European contexts. The concluding section seeks to identify the main obstacles to collaborative and integrated strategy-making relying on the territorial capital approach in the case study city of Pécs, demonstrating its crucial absence from post-2000 top-down regional development programmes.

The market situation of European shopping centres has been significantly changed compared to previous decades for a number of reasons. Among other reasons, it is important to underline the ageing European population. Furthermore, the ratio of elderly is projected to increase further in Hungary. These demographic processes lead to wide range of socio-economic impacts on the country. One of the consequences that senior customers are becoming increasingly important target group for shopping centres nowadays. They have already had a considerable purchasing power in Budapest. Meanwhile, shopping centres in the capital city are still focusing on young generations. For this very reason, researches required to get a better insight into the behaviors of senior customers.
This paper aims to explore differences and similarities in shopping behaviors between different age groups of customers in the case of Árkád Budapest. The author gathered published official statistical information from the website of Hungarian Central Statistical Office (HCSO) and analyzed the current demographical situation in Budapest. The analysis of mall-visiting behaviors is based on questionnaire which contains responses of 156 purchasers. Descriptive statistical methods were implemented by the author. Expected research findings are support to increase our knowledge about mall-visiting behaviours of senior customers in Budapest.

This research paper analyses shifts in the Visegrád Group's (Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) identity as a regional integration platform and, in particular, links between Europeanization, illiberalism and V4 geopolitical identity. This provides a background for investigating contested ideas of European integration that discursively frame Central Europe's 'illiberal regionalism'. I suggest that this regi onalism does not represent a coherent or stable political project. Tensions involved in this regionalist shift are exemplified by 'revolutionary' Hungarian and Polish national conservative agendas and their interaction with the more measured pragmatism of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. This analysis supports the argument that V4 cooperation represents an adjustable geopolitical space that reflects Hungarian and Polish cultural politics of national identity as well as more issue-oriented Czech and Slovak concerns. Moreover, V4 cooperation remains salient in order to prevent the political marginalization of its members.

Both at national and EU level, the differentiation of specific territorial units is a key issue in development policy. The objective of the delimitation at the highest legal level is to mitigate territorial differences; it is intended to provide support for the delimited (beneficiary) territorial units. Benefits (e.g. the rate and intensity of support) are fundamentally influenced by development and growth opportunities, so the methods and the results of delimitation are both politically and professionally sensitive. This is particularly important for rural areas and rural development, because the beneficiaries' delimitation - or lack thereof - is most affected by these regions. Hungary has been operating and developing a delimitation system since the '90s, the elements of which are at community level can serve as a model, and can be well-utilized. For this purpose, the paper presents the regulatory starting points and principles of spatial delimitation, the statistical methods used so far, the range of data used, and the problems that can be associated with the methods and data used so far. The authors propose a data set and a calculation method that more faithfully reflects the real situation of territorial development, which would enable development resources to better contribute to reducing territorial disparities.

Although cross-border cooperation has traditionally been treated as a research issue of geopolitics and governance, use of data from European Union (EU) funded Interreg programmes opened up opportunities for comparative and in-depth analysis. The importance of Interreg programmes, as instruments of the European Territorial Cooperation goal, has been constantly on the rise since its inception as INTERREG Community Initiative, then becoming part of the cohesion policy mainstream in 2007. In the 2021 -2027 programming period, for first time since its setup, Interreg has received lower funding, which requires a higher stress on cooperation and thematic concentration. When defining funding priorities of programmes, besides "general" factors (development needs, stakeholders' preferences, regulation constraints), the cross - border factor - i.e. how projects contribute to cooperation as such - should be also taken into consideration. Therefore, allocation should prefer thematic areas (priorities) where cooperation is likely to be more intensive. Intensity of cooperation, as a composite indicator, may be generated from various parameters that may be measured in case of implemented projects, on the basis of Interreg programme data.
The paper aims to provide a simple yet transparent methodology on how the intensity of cross-border cooperation may be measured and how different thematic areas may be ranked in terms of their contribution to cooperation. The first part of the study presents an overview of 'border studies' from different aspects and the selected target area concerned. It is followed by a summary of the evolution of European Territorial Cooperation, highlighting the main milestones and particularities of the regulation for the 2021-2027 programming period. The following part lays down the applied methodology: composition of cross-border cooperation intensity indicator and the five sub-indicators. The results are presented through the example of projects financed by the Interreg V-A Hungary-Croatia Cooperation Programme 2014-2020. The final part of the paper summarises the lessons learned and their replicability.

According to Maier's (2001) hypothesis, the democratization process in post-socialist countries would lead to the increased importance of stakeholder and citizen participation in urban planning. Increasing circles of stakeholders would be able to join and become empowered. The objective of the present paper is to revisit Maier's hypothesis in the Hungarian context. We attempt to shed light on the main factors that shape the framework conditions of participation in urban planning; we ask if the three decades of transition can be described as an approximation to the Western standards in urban planning, as Maier suggested.
We conducted 49 semi-structured interviews in three Hungarian middle-sized cities with various stakeholders of urban planning. We carried out qualitative content analysis based on inductive coding in order to identify the underlying factors, which shape the framework conditions of participation. We managed to identify six factors. They have mostly accumulated since the fall of the socialist era, the post-socialist legacy may only have indirect effects on them. These six factors add up to a halt in the democratization of planning and the serious limits to consensus building. We argue that these two processes diverted Hungary from the path Maier envisioned, and make the Hungarian context for participation and participatory techniques fundamentally different from the Western-European contexts.

The primary aim of this study is to explore how the Member States of the European Union have responded to the crisis, what labour market interventions were preferred, how the structure of labour market expenditures changed between 2008 and 2018. On the other hand, examines the connections between the indicators of the Europe 2020 strategy, as well as the possibilities of condensing the indicators into principal components. Along the dimensions of the created main components, the Member States were grouped by K-mean cluster analysis. The paper also analyses the relationship between the established clusters and the labour market expenditures of each Member State.

The relevance of this research is determined by the need for scientific substantiation of the use of advertising and PR-technologies in the field of higher education in order to improve the management of the university in the international educational services market. Over the past ten years, the market for educational services has changed significantly: new agents and training formats have appeared, competition between universities for consumers has increased, the requirements of employers for the level and quality of education of graduates have changed significantly. Global and local market conditions are constantly changing and thus create a difficult to predict environment. In this regard, they need to develop an effective advertising and PR strategy to create competitive advantages. The development and implementation of effective advertising and PR activity requires an individual approach that takes into account the specifics of the educational institution and, above all, the specifics of the market in which they operate.
The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the use of advertising and PR technologies used by universities in Russia on the basis of the obtained results the development of recommendations on advertising and PR technologies for the effective functioning of Russian universities on the international market of educational services. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were formulated: to study the features of advertising and PR technologies in the market of educational services; to identify relevant communication technologies used by the university in the work with the target audience.
The research methodology includes the following set of empirical methods: analysis of websites of Russian on such criterions as informativeness, usability, website design, functionality and location in search results; content analysis of accounts of Russian on social networks listed on the official website of the universities with a relevant link. For the study, Russian universities included in QS World University Rankings 2020 were selected, they were classified into 4 groups: National universities with the status of "unique scientific and educational complexes, the country's oldest universities, of great importance for the development of Russian society", National Research universities are awarded for a ten-year term on a competitive basis with the aim of creating on their basis advanced world-class research and educational centers, Federal universities and Flagship, regional universities.

The situation with the COVID-19 pandemic has a negative impact on the development of tourism. It imposes restrictions on both tourism supply and tourism demand. Government lockdowns travel businesses and, at the same time, restricts the freedom of movement. Thus, the supply and demand sides have to cope with the exogenous shocks. The first evidence of experience and reactions of travel businesses was presented in early March 2020. Data from bookings describes how visitors start to adapt their travel behavior to the exit strategies. Even rural tourism is affected by the worldwide spread crisis. To highlight the impacts on rural tourism, this research focuses on middle and small-sized entrepreneurs (e.g., farmers, winemakers, local private rural museums, local accommodation providers; local providers of hippotherapy) and on local tourist organizations (e. g. DMO, tourist information centers) involved in rural tourism. The aim of this study is to show how they overcame the situation with the COVID-19 pandemic. In other words, the study describes the changes in visitor behavior from the perspective of rural tourism providers. The research is based on a case study of South Moravia and applies both qualitative (a questionnaire survey) and quantitative (interviews) methods. The research data shows that rural tourism providers manage to cope with the government restrictions and tailor their services to new customers'' requirements as well. Besides the loss of incomes, tourism service providers face a decrease in the number of visitors, and thus they suffer a slump in sales. The majority of all rural tourism providers responded that their segment of visitors had changed. More specifically, the absence of foreign visitors was replaced by domestic ones.

Australian public universities' Vice-Chancellors (VC) are among the highest paid in the world, with an individual average yearly income in excess of one million Australian Dollars, or about twice the annual income of the Prime Minister. Although universities are significantly government funded, they individually set their VC remuneration. Recent estimates put VC salaries at least 10 time that of an average lecturer' income. The rationale given for such high salaries is that VC perform roles that are synonymous with those of free enterprise CEOS and, therefore, they should be remunerated accordingly. However, universities are neither free enterprises, nor do they operate in a 'free-market', as student fees are controlled by the government and universities cannot simply act as an entrepreneur and manipulate prices. As government funding continues to shrink, universities have reduced the permanent academic workforce, replacing this with casual academics, employed on precarious contracts that provide no job security, and raise questions over the long-term quality of education. This paper highlights some of the ethical dilemmas of this environment and offers suggestions for changing the status quo.

Gastronomy is currently undergoing a renaissance, different gastronomic trends influence the way menus are set up. The purpose of this study is to investigate the menu of a restaurant in a Transdanubian city in terms of sold portions and margins. After an unstructured interview with the manager, the breadth and depth of the offer were investigated. Then the data were examined, based on the restaurant's menu selection, traffic and cost data with the help of time series analysis. During the processing of time series data, the analysis takes into account seasonality and compares the same terminology of the years studied. With the turnover and cost data, the Kasavana and Smith portfolio analysis method was used and based on the margin and the number of portions sold, the Menu engineering worksheet was used to create the data series for the presentation. The research provides a detailed picture of sales decisions for the period 2016-2019. The results of the examination show that reducing the selection and offering special dishes are in line with the gastronomical trends, but not necessarily with the location of the restaurant and the needs of its target audience. Using the model, seasonality was examined for the first time, which did not prove that restaurant guests were looking for seasonal food. With a well-selected menu – which is one of the most important marketing communication tools - the restaurant is able to influence guests' food choices. Proper use of colours, shapes and prices all affect the guest's subconscious mind, which is responsible for a large percentage of decisions. The character of the restaurant and its guests are usually determined by the dishes on the menu. In the case of the investigated restaurant the solution could be to tailor the prices to the target group and to strengthen the marketing communication. The restaurant — taking advantage of the large space — can be used to serve different target groups by sharing the room.

The negative impact of terrorist activity on international tourism has been repeatedly reported on from many studies in the past. However, the results of these studies are consistent only for developing countries with low political stability. In the case of developed countries with a stable political regime, the findings are contradictory, varying from studies that have registered a significant negative impact of terrorism on tourism to studies reporting no significant relationship between these variables. The aim of this paper is to present new information about the relationship between terrorism and tourism in developed countries. For this reason, monthly statistics of tourist arrivals and terrorist attacks in European Union member countries were utilized. The results indicate that terrorist attacks may damage tourism even in developed countries. This potential, however, concerns only the most serious terrorist attacks. Moreover, even in this case, the effect was only short-term, lasting two months after the attack. Crisis management procedures such as enforcement of security measures, government subsidies for the tourism sector during the recovery phase after the terrorist attacks or crisis signal detection are recommended to reduce the risk of a terrorist attack and its negative impact on tourism.

Bailiwick of Guernsey, situated in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy, just like Jersey and the Isle of Man, is an UK Crown dependency and an autonomous jurisdiction. These Crown dependencies are not members of the Commonwealth of Nations nor of the European Union. Furthermore, Guernsey is not part of France nor of the United Kingdom. This atypical status of Guernsey runs back several hundred years: from 1204 the island takes advantage of its special legal status and in general, it has not been managed badly. Despite all this, it cannot be considered as a totally independent, sovereign state. In addition to its special legal status, Guernsey is considered to be special in regard to its money system. According to a very popular story spread across the economic literature, the issuance of Guernsey pound prospered the island as some kind of a magic cure. While it is a considerable part, the current paper emphasize that it was not the only factor. The issuance happened in an economically declining period of Guernsey: after the Napoleonic wars the previous successful economic situation became worse mainly because of the actions of the British authorities that suppressed smuggling, a formerly thriving economic sector of the island. People established their living on this activity were hit hard, but as before, looked for opportunities where their unique status could be used efficiently, and thus, could stabilize their conditions (shipbuilding, vegetable production, tourism, etc.). Guernsey's money system, however, remains an important topic as its way of operation is indeed unusual in the global economy. Whereas money supply in most countries consists primarily of privately issued bank-debt money (about 95%), Guernsey (States of Guernsey) finance its public spending via quasi state issued money since 1817. This type of money system is usually termed as 'public money system' and receives a growing attention nowadays.

A relatively small but growing group of migrants nowadays are people moving to countries that are better known as migrant-sending locations. These voluntary migrants - frequently retired persons - decide on moving mostly in the hope of a better life quality they think to find abroad rather than in their own country. The property purchase of foreigners therefore related to this kind of migration, and relatively little attention is being paid to this kind of voluntary, lifestyle migration, though it can have a significant economic and social impact on the host country. Foreign property owners and several persons who are in contact with these foreigners were in-depth interviewed - as the special subject require empirical research methods - in the framework of the present research to determine the main motivations of property purchases in the Keszthely District of the West-Balaton Region, Hungary. Main motivating factors were identified as economic reasons, expectancy for a better, calmer new way of living and favourable climate conditions. Following the change of regime in Hungary three era in property purchase can be differentiated in the examined region based on the direction of migration with a gap between the first and second phase after the 2008 crisis.

A Hungarian city will be designated as the European Capital of Culture in 2023. The series of programmes are designed to show the multi-colour European culture, accordingly, the cultural values and cultural dimensions of the cities are in the focus. Several cities take part in the competition in the customary way by submitting their tender documentation within the framework of a pre-selection procedure. Győr, Veszprém and Debrecen proved to be the most probable candidate cities to win in Hungary, they were chosen to enter the second round of the selection procedure. Although the focus of intense attention usually falls on the cultural programmes planned for the project year, the period of the competition itself is also regarded an exciting phase of the project, since this is the period when candidate cities are expected to give an account of their plans, moreover, they are also expected to outline their projected development conception in the field of culture and their cultural potentials. The present study aims to analyse and confront the plans of three Hungarian cities that were selected to enter the second round of the competition and, consequently, it also intends to explore the visions, the strengths and weaknesses of the Hungarian cities of outstanding cultural ambitions mainly via factors denoted in figures. Today we know, that the winning city became Veszprém. Although based on the quantitative data we saw the other two cities as more likely to win, due to a number of qualitative as well as subjective factors, the city of Veszprém proved to be better during the selection procedure. We do not want to override the decision; we only outline an analytical framework for the cultural comparison of our culturally ambitious Hungarian cities.

This paper aims to present environmental policy integration and its success on settlement level in Hungary. To do so, firstly, the author gives an overview in historical perspective of the rise of environmental protection and environmental policy taking a look at the international level and Hungary. Secondly, the summary of the author's empirical researches in the topic in the past decades draws the readers' attention to the role of the impact of the recent recentralization process in Hungary on the environmental actions at urban level, and also highlights the role of the size of settlement in environmental policy. The analyses show that the lack of information is crucial in the failure to make positive environmental actions. On the other hand, in larger, urbanised settlements, due to their higher development and investment capacity and risk, the role of environmental assessment related to planning activities is considered more important.

This study examines the economic structure and performance of urban catchment areas. The five largest Hungarian regional centers are a traditional part of the Hungarian city network, as they are the five most populous cities after Budapest. The approach of territorial research is increasingly focused on the fact that the city as a center should not be studied without its immediate surroundings (agglomeration, region, catchment area). This study also keeps this in mind. The data were processed for the period between 1992 and 2015, on the basis of which the change can also be examined. Development trajectories show very different tendencies; Győr operates the catchment area as a strong center, while the surroundings of Pécs became fragmented due to the weakness of the center. Miskolc is characterized by a stagnant area, where the operation of another sub-center is very intensive, thus improving economic performance. Szeged is a solid center, whose catchment area is stabilized by several substations. The area of Debrecen is divided, the center is not able to energize its area.

The main objective of this study is to present the overarching history of a second-tier city (Miskolc, Hungary) in Central and Eastern Europe from its foundation to the current era and beyond, to the plans for the next EU programming period between 2021 -2027. The city has been in the crossroads of industries, cultures, borders, innovations and EU programming periods throughout its history. Our basic hypothesis was that with the overarching but systematically structured analysis and presentation of the history of the city, we can define its main development stages and gain deeper insights in the roots of the present and future tendencies. Thus, we studied and synthetized the literature about the history of the city and identified six phases in its development path based on two main aspects (1) geopolitics and legal status and (2) local economy and society. With a strong focus on the 20 th century, we summarized the main tendencies and city forming forces, actors and catalysts, and also identified some critical points. Finally, the determining and newest initiative for the next EU programming period between 2021 -2027 is introduced (Creative Region), that is expected to shape the future of the examined city and its region. Some conclusions are presented in the last chapter of the study.

In our study we highlight the potential role of alternative food systems in local economic and community development through connecting literatures and good examples. We are focusing on a special short food supply chain form, named "buying groups". These sales channels are an alternative and innovative type of Community Supported Agriculture. Buying groups are grass-roots initiatives that support local food production and sales. Farmers and their buyers are a community, so that cooperation is beneficial to both the producer and the consumer. The primary advantage of the producer is that it can build up a direct and long-term relationship with its customers, locally sell its quality products, so it can operate cost-effectively and optimally. The consumers' advantage is that they are able to acquire food from healthy and safe sources, contributing to the preservation of their health and the development of the local economy. These good practices can fundamentally reform the increasingly globalizing consumer behaviour, strengthen identity and community spirit. Buying groups are still in their infancy in our country but have latent potential for stimulating many local economies and tourism. We would like to give an overview of the main results of our primary research conducted among members of Hungarian Alternative Food Buying Groups. In order to explore the sociometrics and lifestyles of communities, we revealed general consumer behaviour, the consumer types based on food buying behaviour, the demand and attitude of local food by using questionnaire survey.

The affluent society and its leisure lifestyle and luxury consumption can influence the future tourism trends. One key prerequisite shaping the future of luxury tourism is the shift in values from the material to the experiential purchases. It is related to the assumption that money spent on experiences can satisfy various people's needs. Moreover, the luxury consumption displays wealth and social status. This exploratory study, based on the questionnaire survey among clients of one of the Czech luxury tour operators, analyses the Czech luxury tourism market segment and reveals the luxury-driven attitudes and consumption patterns. In conclusion, the findings are compared with the results of similar foreign studies. The results suggest that Czech luxury tourists are both similar in a lot of cases (age group, motivation, type of accommodation, preferred destinations etc.) and different in comparison to the traditional European markets, especially regarding the financial possibilities. Most of the Czech tourists are willing to pay considerably lower amounts of money for luxury holidays. The frequency of their luxury holidays is also significantly lower. In this respect, but also for example in special interest (eco-friendly goods and services), the Czechs fall behind the European luxury tourists.

Health is our most important value and resource - its preservation and development are crucial in terms of our quality of life and work. Health status is mainly influenced by lifestyle, health consciousness and the healthcare system, the accessibility and quality of health-related services. Rich literature discusses the relationship between housing conditions and health status as well. The disadvantaged socio-economic situation causes deteriorated living environments and, hence, the decline in health. Through the case of the Hungarian village of Bag and the Roma settlement located there, I would like to highlight the connection between housing conditions and health.