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Brand romance is considered as a very important construct in marketing especially in brand area leading to the occurrence of some behaviors in consumers. However, a few types of research have been conducted on the importance of brand romance in hoteling. The present research aims to identify and test the effect of brand romance on four kinds of customer loyalty including cognitive loyalty, affective loyalty, conative loyalty and behavioral loyalty. The semi-structured interview was used to identify the measuring tool of brand romance. Then, customer loyalty questionnaire was added and distributed in the statistical society of the study. Data were tested using Smart-Pls2. Results of the research showed that brand romance had positive and significant effect on four kinds of loyalty. This research is a guide for hotel managers and marketers to perceive brand romance from viewpoints of customers. In addition, by applying suggestions, the research will help marketers create a stronger relationship between brand and customers and thus benefit from its outcomes.

'My Region, My Europe, Our Future' (EC, 2017). This is the main message of the Seventh Report on Economic, Social and Territorial Cohesion. In the post 2020 period, the European Commission continues to focus on the compliance with challenges of the knowledge-based economy, and in parallel, stands for a strong territorial approach and increased synergy and coordination of the connected sectoral financial means and measures. The question is if Member States are ready to face the challenges that are specified in the report, such as digital revolution, globalisation, demographic change and social cohesion, economic convergence and climate change. In connection to this basic question, our paper aims to provide an overview about the evolution - rise and fall - of the Hungarian regional level (NUTS2) institutions with a strong emphasis on the state-of-the art, especially regarding administrative capacities. Desk research focused on the era between 1990-2015, while empirical research - in the form of a questionnaire - was conducted in 2017 and 2018 amongst former employees of the former regional development agencies. As there are no institutionalized actors at regional level in Hungary responsible for the implementation of Cohesion Policy any more - with the exception of Central Hungary, that is currently under re-formulation - we hypothesize that former(?) regional development professionals as individuals could play an important role in the preparations for the post-2020 financial period. In case they are involved…

Nowadays, only companies that are adaptable and flexible in their structure and processes can survive. The basis for a motivated company aiming for peak performance is organisational innovation. Hungary is one of the less innovative countries in Europe. Only organisations that can integrate new solutions smoothly into their everyday operations will remain truly competitive. The Government of Hungary, in its Partnership Agreement with the European Union, set out the goals for improving and supporting the adaptability of enterprises, the promotion of flexible and family-friendly workplace practices and services, and the employment of women with young children. The aim of this study is to demonstrate, through a Hungarian example, the receptiveness of Hungarian small and medium-sized enterprises to flexible forms of employment. The effect of flexible employment on economic adaptability and competitiveness through workforce efficiency and retention is examined. Its aim is the raise the awareness of options to increase employment among Hungarian SME managers.

Century-long traditons of art trade in Hungary are strongly connected to the capital, famous, elite auction houses and galleries are concentrated in the downtown area of Budapest. Although art market in Hungary is capital-centered, remarkable amount of art trade takes place in the countryside too. This study aims to give insight into the presence of the different types of art trade (antique shops, second-hand book stores, art galleries and auction houses) in rural settlements, compared to the characteristics of art trade in Budapest. The research - based on primary data collection - reveals the social, economic, and cultural factors which explain the regional differences in art trade.
During the field work in Budapest, semi-structured interviews were conducted with art gallery owners, auctioners, and antiquarians. The penetration index (PEX) which was applied in the case of researches in the countryside shows the rate in which the different types of art trade are present in settlements of different sizes. The results are demonstrated on the map with the help of the Mapinfo 12.5 software.

This paper presents a sociological view of possibilities for the development of sustainable rural tourism in Koprivnica-Krizevci county, which is located in the north-western part of Croatia. The possibilities for developing rural tourism within the concept of sustainable development have been researched through qualitative empirical research interview method.
Research subjects were the owners of tourist farms, decision makers, experts and other stakeholders in the tourism development. Rural tourism represents an alternative to maritime tourism and is relatively undeveloped but important in terms of development of rural areas and family farms. This paper enables an insight into an integrated sustainability of rural tourism which consists of four dimensions: biological-ecological, economic, socio-cultural and political sustainability. In conclusion, integral sustainability in rural tourism is not achieved in all dimensions. Therefore, rural tourism could be a strategy for sustainable development for rural areas and also could be a tool for product differentiation for area that are at stagnation stage.

This paper shows the social conditions of Lake Balaton area. The first part presents the theoretical framework for the cohesion of society. The second part describes the processes that led to the complexity of local society in Lake Balaton area in the 20th century. Then, the paper presents the problems of cohesion about the society of Lake Balaton area. The author concludes that although there is a strong local cohesion in the society, but this phenomenon is geographically, dimensionally and thematically different in the area. All of this does not prevent the processes of bottom-up regionalization, which is a hundred years old phenomen in that area.

Demographic changes (population decline) and their (urban) consequences are a real challenge for the small and medium-sized towns of Europe and Hungary. The research question concerning this phenomenon is: how to deal with urban shrinkage and is there any proper and overall answer to this process? Although there is no universal cure for the maintenance and development of these towns, nor for stopping demographic shrinkage, resilience and local culture can provide good conditions to deal with the urban issues raised. Kisújszállás, the cultural capital of Great Cumania can be a good example of how the function-extending renewal of a historical building of the town can strengthen its retaining power and how it can also contribute to increasing the attractiveness of the settlement, all in all, making it a more attractive and viable place to live in.

Metropolitan areas play a dominant role in today's economic, social and environmental processes; therefore the scientific interest has also increased related to the global and world cities. They can be considered as key players of the world economy and a very complex competition takes place among them, which crosses the national state borders. Every city tries to reach the most favorable position and this rivalry has helped the birth of several city rankings. This paper has two important aims. Firstly, it explains the term of the world and global city based on the international literature and it is also looking for the answer, whether the Austrian capital belongs to which category. Secondly, it examines the position of Vienna in the different world and global city rankings.

Health tourism plays an important role in regional development - mainly in settlement development plans. This paper offers a composite competitiveness index for settlements - an index elaborated on the basis of general competitiveness theories, but which also utilises relevant factors of tourism competitiveness. Our analysis is limited to settlements with medicinal and thermal baths from two Hungarian regions, West Transdanubia and South Transdanubia. The former is a central region from the perspective of tourist flows and the latter is a peripheral region - which entails more opportunities for analysis. After a short review of currently recognised theoretical models, a composite index was constructed. The study attempts to explain the methodology of index-construction and the figures analysed; we finally analyse the results at sub-index level. The focus of the article is to demonstrate relevant factors of tourism competitiveness and to show the first results - basically to prepare for further, deeper investigation. The study is published in accordance with OTKA-project No. 106283.

The paper aims to reposition urban cemeteries within the tourism supply and to showcase their values as cultural tourism products that can enrich visitors' experiences. Although urban cemeteries as ritual meeting points of life and death have become an integral part of city tourism, contemporary tourism literature mostly embeds them in dark tourism or thanatourism, neglecting the experience-rich potentials of cemeteries as cultural products. This paper rectifies this by arguing that cemetery tourism makes a fascinating cultural display for tourists, offering both nature-based and cultural activities, therefore, it can be rightfully placed in heritage and cultural tourism. The paper investigates foreign visitors' attitude at the National Graveyard in Budapest. During the empirical research 52 questionnaires were correctly filled in, followed by the same number of mini-interviews. The research findings confirmed the initial hypotheses: 1. Visitors regarded cemeteries as complex attractions representing both natural and cultural values, which added to the positive experiences of a Budapest city break. 2. There was no reference to the so called "d ark aspects" of cemeteries in the answers. 3. Although the satisfaction rate was high, the lack of visitors is a clear indication that the cemetery in Budapest has been so far undervalued as an urban attraction. On the negative side, respondents criticized the lack of information sources available prior to visit, the inefficient marketing and the undesirable neighbourhood. The paper ultimately aims to provide stakeholders solid, preliminary data that might serve as a launching pad for further larger-scale research.

The focus of the paper is on how Central-European cities can join the global urban network by taking part in offering high level business services for multinational companies. Companies offering these high level business services are multinational companies themselves, which locate their offices in the production and service-providing centers. New centralities and marginalities occur, and a key question how the fragmented Central European urban structure mainly characterised by small cities is affected by these changes, which cities became global cities, and which cities can be integrated in the urban network on a regional level. The hypothesis is justified by the examinations, mainly the integration of capital cities can be witnessed. Primary gravity centers are Warsaw and Vienna, besides Prague and Budapest can be identified as global cities of the region. The Central-European space is connected as a macro-region, all capital cities are on the map of examination, no new periphery occurs on macro level. The role of big cities apart from capital cities is in strong correlation with the relevant country's urban network, with its mono- vs polycentric type of organization.

I think that the equal opportunity and the underprivileged marginal labour-market layers' significance play an important role in the economics of our days, so the women's labour-market participation. Analysing the Hungarian data lines, we can see that the women's labour-market participation significantly lags behind the men's. I wish to prove with a questionnaire survey that in the North-Hungarian region the women's labour-market situation and the career opportunities of the researcher women lags behind the men's slightly. Based on my research, beyond the women's traditional home tasks have appeared the claims for work derives from the employment, so the double burden is put into practice, too. we can explain with the difficulties of the compatibility of childbearing and the work, the undertaking extra limited tasks of the workplace, providing extra performance which is sensible for the women, that in the North-Hungarian region the female career path move more slowly than the men's.

Industries have to face continuously emerging new trends and challenges worldwide. The former pattern of local bundling techniques cannot seem to be adapted at global measures. The processes of globalisation urgently call for the harmonisation of legislative policies and practices. A good example for this is the current situation of health tourism. In the most rapidly changing industry, development has overcome legislation by far, and unfortunately left policy makers and local stakeholders unable to respond to the new challenges. However, the continuous growing on the demand side forecasts further massive development of the field in the coming decades. My research focuses on this contradictory situation: I try to find out whose responsibility is it to force the creation of a unified legal background: the supply side that offers a wide variety of different services or the rather vulnerable supply side that needs a transparent quality assurance system to be protected.

The tourism sector produces the 8.5% of the Hungarian gross domestic product (GDP), provides 400 thousand workplaces and has an important role in improvement of commercial balance of the country. Moreover this sector makes a contribution in utilization of local resources as well as regional equalization and at the same time has a positive effect on quality of life. The key role of tourism is confirmed by the approximately one billion euros that serves the purposes of tourism development in Hungary between 2007 and 2013 supported by EU sources.
In the last decades the mobilization of local resources gets a more significant role in development activities that attach importance to regional approach and complexity. At present the potentially utilizable resources of the rural regions are underutilized or unutilized. The reason for this, that the local actors do not reach the critical size which can make profitable the resume of previously operable activities. The individual attractions are known almost without exception, however the frames of utilization are not appropriate, and those are not combined in programs lasting more than one day.
Our paper is a part of a research programme that lays the foundation of a new tourist information point in Gyöngyös which will help the tourists arriving into Mátra region to enter relations with tourist suppliers. In addition the Infopoint improves the service environment and establishes new attractions. We have defined the area of activities of the prospective tourist centre, where we perform field works. We identify the actors of the tourism region, such as accommodation suppliers, caterers, organizers of tourist events, "proprietors" scenic spots and producers of local products as well as associations that promoting traditions. The objective of "Mátra Point" is not only providing and marketing tourist services, the regional organizing and generating role is necessary too. Our studies make a survey of the connection points to potential partners and economic operators of the region. We try to predict the quality and measure of the results to be expected.
The majority of tourists travel within the own region. The journeys to the neighbouring targets have significant importance in a moderate travel demand. Consequently the visitors of the planned investment will arrive from the bordering areas. The accessibility within the region and to the neighbouring regions has a crucial importance, but this is determined by the local traffic conditions and we cannot influence it. The position of "Mátra Point" is very advantageous because it has good connection to a motorway and virtually it is the gate of the Mátra tourism region.
We examined the motivation of the potential target groups and the distribution of guest nights by type of quarters, so we can declare that the arriving tourists will have resort to the cheaper rural accommodations. On the basis of internal traffic the number of guests in rural accommodations is the highest in Northern Hungary. Considering the disadvantageous tendency of macroeconomic factors which have influence on travel habit, the potential guests will spend 1-3 nights in the region, who will arrive from within the region and from the neighbouring region. The other important target group is the population of the s

The Lake Balaton Resort Area (Balaton Kiemelt Üdülőkörzet - BKÜ), created in 1996, is Hungary 's second most important tourism destination, and its role in the national economy is significant. The BKÜ has a special position in the development policy system in Hungary. This area is different from the status of NUTS 2 regions: it has less institutional privileges. It was frequently expressed local idea that self-development resources are necessary for the BKÜ, similar to the NUTS 2 regions. This did not happen in 2007-2013; "Balaton development program" or a Balaton Operational Program" was not created in 2007.
The first part of the study reviews the results of BKÜ development , with special attention to the tourism sector. A brief analysis shows that, compared to the prior development period, BKÜ has improved the efficiency of resource acquisition between 2007-2012. The development of tourism was less successful. The vast majority of municipalities in BKÜ not received any tourist resources. Despite the importance of BKÜ significantly fewer resources could acquire. The BKÜ failed to achieve its development goals in the system of the development policy.
The second half of the study seeks to answer why did not achieve self-development resources to the Balaton area. The main reason for this was the centralized operation of the development policy. May be there are many other reasons: party politics, lobbying power, regional attitudes of the government.
Finally special needs of the lake were recognized. That was the so called "Balaton Flagship Programme". This initiative is practically failed in less than a year. Relevant to the Balaton area, in the three affected ROP there was only minimal co-ordination of tourism development funds.
The study highlights the functioning of the national development policy, the centralized management system and a possibilites of a special area in the period beginning in 2007.

Hungary joined to the European Union in 2004, it has been receiving from Structural Funds (European Regional Development Fund and European Social Fund), and Cohesion Fund. The goal of my study is to show the support system from these funds.
Since 2004 when Hungary has joined to the European Union the National Develepment Plan 1st, the New Hungarian Development Plan and the New Széchenyi Plan show due experiences to the Serbian joining from the advantages and disadvantages about tender system, give advice and improved points to the joining member. The Hungarian participants (tender offices, examiner institutions, round of applicants from non-profit and for-profit sector) and the tender system could be interesting for Serbia, because we have some problems in many places than the neighboring state, and our answers give good or bad examples for them. The making of the operative programs and the regional development with this co-fund system effect on social problems, if we use that money in appropriate places.
The past 9 years have shown the consumptions of sources, the published data by National Develepment Agency becomes measured the sources of regional applications within the seven statictical-planning region of Hungary. In my study firstly I have searched about non-refundable grants for the sector of small- and medium-sized enterprises, separating the results of the National Development Plan, the New Hungary Development Plan and the New Széchenyi Plan.
In my study I would like to search answers for how utilized the co-foundation by the Hungarian member state, what is the direct and indirect results of these support and which direction provides for the acceding member states - such as Serbia.
I wish that my study will contribute to evolve together the goals and priorities for the stability of the Europen Union, and measure the potential risks for member states and support participants as well. The members of European Union have to release social consultation by operative programs between 2014 and 2020 to follow the partnership principle, to develop the most appropriate co-funding system for social and economic sector from input opinions. The Hungarian institutional system will operate new institutional structure in the following planning period, the existing legislations - 1600/2012. (XII. 17.) government decision, and the 1814/2013. (XI. 14.) government decision - the Managing Authorities of National Development Agency will consist of particular ministries, so the applicants will have to adapt the new call for proposals and the new institutional structure. The changing of institutional system purposes that the call for proposal system become more simple, the small- and medium-sized enterprise sector will give more non-refundable grant and less administrative load.
In my study I show the history of regional co-fund supports, the Hungarian institutional system from 2006, and regional grants which can be resort Hungarian enterprises, present the National Development Plan, the New Hungarian Development Plan, the New Széchenyi Plan and the expectations for the period between 2014 and 2020.

For more than six decades researchers, scholars and agricultural advisors have tried to implement modeling and information systems in the farming sector through out the world. Until today however, their success has been rather limited. Thereby, Germany is no exception. This is true, allthough a sophisticated farm management is more important for German farmers than ever before. The fast changing envitronment, including difficult market conditions and a high exposure to financial risks are major reasons. Farm Management Information Systems (FMIS) appear to be a powerful tool to deal with the new conditions. However, farmers still rely more on their intuition than on proper management tools, when it comes to running a farm business. The objective of this paper is to give an brief overview why modeling has not had its breakthrough in the farming sector so far. Secondly, it aims on demonstrating how a FMIS should be implemented and what farmers or agriculture advisors have to consider during its implementation. Therefore, a medium-size diversified farm in North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) was selected as a research subject for a descriptive case-study. This approach supports a treatment of various potential problems when it comes to the implementation of a FMIS.

The last decade brought a structural transformation in the Hungarian higher educational system. The main drivers of the change are the followings: the credit system was introduced; the traditional educational structure was replaced by the new, Bologna one with BA and MA programmes. Besides the number of students in the secondary schools stagnated, reduced, which could be just partly counterbalanced by the foreign students and elder population. Finally tuition fee has to be highlighted, which became mass in the cases of economic programmes. In the paper the national and international positions of University of Miskolc, Faculty of Economics are investigated with special focus on the catchment area and the demographic conditions.

In the beginning of the 20th century the food consumption levels were much lower than later in the century, when food production increased as well. The selection of foodstuffs became wider and we can observe the modernisation of nutrition principles too, which both had a positive impact on consumption. The variety of food was also affected by the increasing life expectancy. The emergence of more modern ways in food consumption is halted not only by the traditions but by the fact that healthier foods are more expensive than fat or cereal prices. There is a significant correlation between the income levels and the quality of consumed food, as it can be observed that in different regions in Hungary. My aim was also to investigate the change in consumer behaviour in parallel with the increase of income levels; to see which sort of foods are preferred by the wealthier, and which are preferred by the ones with less income. It is also important to analyse the economic and social indicators on regional and other spatial levels and to compare them with food consumption. The annual net income per capita is usually higher in more developed regions than in the less developed ones. Therefore, the expenditure spent on better quality and more expensive food products is also higher. Similarly, in the case of the population there are differences in consumer habits according to purchasing power. For instance, for people with higher income one of the most important factors is to buy healthy and high quality food, but for the ones with lower income it can be a struggle only to find food in sufficient quantities, and quality cannot be as much of an issue. In the consumer basket, foodstuff accounts for approximately one-third of the overall expenditure. In this study I analysed the annual expenditure of Hungary's population on foodstuffs and the annual quantity of food consumed by households per capita on a regional level between 2010 and 2013.

Scientific collaboration is a widely studied science field in the recent decades. For measuring, it a tighter approach co-authorship is frequently used. Co-authorship base level is the level of articles and the co-authorship networks are based on articles and authors. In this study a rather different level was examined: the level of journals. We used the approach of collaboration analysis regarding the relation between countries and journals. Two main groups of methods were used: statistical analysis and networks analysis. The goal was to explore patterns between journals and countries. We investigated the relations between journal ranking and affiliated countries. We were interested if there are any differences between a "hard" and a "soft" science field. Both of our methodological approaches showed similar answers to research questions. The differences were minimal between "hard" and "soft" science fields. The journals with the highest and the lowest journal ranking had the highest inequalities in the distribution of countries.

In our comparative analyses we tried to identify those factors that can affect the success of the projects implemented at the border region. We involved three cross-border programs into our analyses and studied the project of the Austria-Hungary, Slovenia-Hungary and Hungary-Croatia Cross-border Co-operation Programmes. In this article we have undertaken to compare the results of these analyses and find out the similarities in the factors determining the project success. We assumed that there are no significant differences among the project success influencing factors in the studied programs, and the same or at least very similar affecting factors can determine the success. Our primary research proved this hypothesis, so thanks to it we can state that the projects implemented in the analysed cross-border cooperation programs are influenced by some organizational and individual factors: the time factor of the project success can be high if the project manager has direct management and monitoring rights and his or her authority does not depend on others; furthermore if the personality and the methodological competencies of the project manager are given. The project management success can be reached if the project manager has some managerial competencies, as well.

In the context of the cultural tourism, this paper focuses on the traditional folk event with national importance that is held in the Czech Republic and its name is Porta. The aim is to assess characteristic traits and satisfaction of two age categories of Porta's visitors. Through the realised research among visitors, the importance of segmentation was proved. Hence, it is crucial to focus on getting to know the visitors and their motivation. In addition to that, cultural events are also important for local government. According to the officials of local government, where this event is held, such events are able to attract visitors to the particular locality. However, they have only limited opportunities how to support these events (especially from the financial viewpoint).

In our study we shall analyse the spatial aspects of the Romani-Hungarian coexistence based on the field research results of the village seminar workshop organized by the Szent István University (Gödöllő). We present two different situations: one segregate analysis using Baks as an example, where we find a settlement considered as majority, and a Romani segregate; and provincial ghettoization using Átány as an example, where due to a previous site termination the Romani people dispersed over the whole village area. We conducted surveys in both settlements in order to find out the local residents' opinion on the development of the value of the inhabited area. Our goal on the one hand is to present the method of ethnicity analysis by mental mapping in rural areas, and on the other in addition to offering methodological practices is to point out a few important takeaways of the spatiality of the Romani-Hungarian coexistence based on our actual experiences.

The objective of the study is to introduce the potentials of local economic development in one of the least favoured micro regions, Tamási. The paper examines operating and planned activities at settlements of the micro region. The authors introduce local economic development activities that support tourism. The economic development planning in Tamási micro region has typically two directions. One of them is the utilisation of thermal water and the use of further potentials of the thermal bath (Ability), such as to achieve tourism destination function in Hungary. Secondly, the local government aims to sell its fruits and vegetables produced in the frame of public employment programme for local market and institutions. The supply of local population has got in focus because of current external opportunities (or force?) in the settlements being traditionally agricultural area. The objective is to join the local tourism attractions and destinations with other existing local developments, which is hold back by the owners of developments. The authors - by keeping in mind local conditions and endogenous resources - define recommendations for settlements to be able to create a well-organised framework of local economic development.

We carried out this research focussing on the importance and local role of entrepreneurs in order to find out how "Balaton identity" can be developed and enhanced and which factors influence its existence. We are also interested in the way the political marketing for regionalisation can help the local inhabitants achieve higher living standards and form a bond with the region through small enterprises. The stronger and finer the bond is, the more active the local communities in the examined region are and they perform better in environmental, economic and social tasks. The potentials in "Balaton identity" may play an important role in future regional development.
Health literacy, which promotes the cooperation between health care employees and the people, has become a new, important concept for the European Commission. If health literacy is integrated into the European Union Health Strategy that emphasises the increasing role of citizens, the efficiency of the health care system may improve and the burdens may decrease.
The results are determined by the quality and the direct/indirect impacts of the working environment that affect our health condition in several ways. Consequently, one of the most important scenes for health promotion and health protection is the workplace. Workplace health promotion is clearly a profitable activity, since the employer, the employee and the social system all have interest in the benefits. Healthy, qualified and motivated workers increase the innovative potential and the productivity of the enterprise. Correct workplace health promotion also improves the company's image among the clients and on the labour market.

The purpose of my study is to perform an analysis with the application of regional statistical data, in order to understand the changes within the number of the population at South-Heves in the past period, and to the reveal its special characteristics compared to regional, national trends. The examined area is a classic internal periphery, a region "hit severely by social, economic and environmental crisis" (according to the draft proposal of Heves county's regional development concept (2014-2020)). Considering such regions, besides the examination of the intention to migrate, it is also important to see who will remain in the region. Experiences show that in case of regions with a more disadvantageous situation than average, generally classes of lower social statuses will become dominant, while as it is described by Győri-Nagy (2003), "the escape of competent classes of the population" can be observed. It results in a contra -selected local society which is unable to retain the young and ambitious.
The future of the affected regions, settlements is largely determined by the perspectives perceived by young people who live there, and who shall start their families and careers there in the near future. I have conducted an empirical research amongst high-school students living and studying at South-Heves, focusing on issues such as whether the high-school age-group of this classic periphery is considering migration; if so, then what are the reasons, destinations, and as an important question from the aspect of the national strategy as well, how could these young people who are longing to go elsewhere manage their lives here, and how could we make them stay in their homeland (in a narrow sense). By investigating the intention to migrate, we also receive indirect answers for questions such as how could significant regional differences be reduced, and how could we close the gap in case of the most disadvantageous regions.