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This paper deals with the importance of print products in SME corporate communications. To this end, the interest of customers of a German tour operator belonging to the SME in printed travel literature is analyzed. For this purpose, two independent samples with n=1,500 each are examined. An influence of the characteristics age, gender, place of residence can be proven. In each case, the influence is of medium strength. Logistic regression is then used to try to explain better the consumption of printed travel literature. In addition, the economic importance of a customer, which was determined during a customer segmentation, is included. It becomes clear that the place of residence with age and customer segment are of particular importance. This shows that print cannot be dispensed with in corporate communications in certain target groups. It also becomes clear that optimal coordination of corporate communications can be developed into a competitive advantage for SMEs. Namely, when a target group that differs from the overall population is reached more efficiently than by national or international competitors.

For a long time, companies in the financial sector and their management were measured exclusively in terms of business success. However, the public debate on issues such as equality, diversity, inclusion, and sustainability has now also reached the financial sector.
At the same time, brands are increasingly being asked to demonstrate their attitude. Financial service providers are increasingly meeting this demand. However, the distribution of financial and insurance products in Germany is largely carried out by commercially independent small and medium-sized distribution partners.
This research project aims to identify the significance of the career building block 'ethical competence' for a career in financial services sales. Within the framework of a qualitative content analysis, 50 German-language university study programs in the field of "sales management" are examined. The consideration of ethical aspects in the curriculum is investigated. In a second step, a large-scale survey of sales managers will be conducted. This will determine the extent to which the study programs meet the expectations of practice regarding business ethics.

Sarajevo is a very interesting tourist destination. The official statistics of Canton Sarajevo show that tourists usually visit Sarajevo individually. The purpose of this paper is to explore the differences between foreign tourists who came to Sarajevo individually and the ones whose travel was organized by a travel agency. The aim of this research is to compare foreign tourists from the aspect of the travel mode in relation to the declaration of tourists' satisfaction with a tourist destination, the general quality of this tourist destination offer, overall satisfaction, and loyalty. For the purposes of data analysis, descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U test were used. The results have shown that foreign tourists who visited Sarajevo individually have a more positive attitude about perceived value, declaration of tourists' satisfaction with a tourist destination, and they are more willing to revisit Sarajevo in the future than the foreign tourists who visited through a travel agency / another organizer. Also, it has been shown that there is no statistically significant difference between visitors who visited Sarajevo individually and tourists who visited through a travel agency / another organizer in terms of the general quality of the tourist destination offer, overall satisfaction, and intention to recommend Sarajevo to their friends and relatives.

More and more tourists have visited places linked to mortality, catastrophes, or distressing events that led to the increased popularity of the niche market called dark tourism. Dark tourism cannot be considered as a new phenomenon; however, the interest in destinations associated with death is undoubtedly soaring. In the recent years, especially as a consequence of the considerably huge power of (social) media, dark tourism has gained more attention again, not only of the tourists but also of the academic researchers. Most of the time, ethical and moral issues are mentioned concerning dark tourism, but the risks threatening dark travelers are also crucial and important. The role of tourism safety and security perspective has got more interest and importance due to the terror attacks, or natural disasters that took place in the last decades. In spite of the disasters, tourists are willing to take a risk - as far as they are aware of them, and visit dangerous places. This paper aims to figure out the relationship between risk perception and dark tourism by combining and linking the relevant theories together, and exploring tourists' attitudes towards dark tourism and different travel risks based on a Hungarian sample.

The study summarises the main features of the urban structure of Romania, with a special focus on metropolitan development. Romanian settlement development since the regime change has been essentially urban-focused. Concentrated social, economic and environmental problems are identified at the urban level, which have facilitated the regional division and the designation of regional centres. These specific development areas have identified urban and rural problems for which coherent solutions have been sought. Urban areas of attraction are considered subordinate to the centre, with the exception of tourist destinations, where the geographical location of natural, historical, architectural or artistic assets opens up development opportunities for rural areas independently of cities. The Romanian system provides a starting point for further reflection on the spatial categories of Hungarian spatial development, as it considers the urban-rural functional area as the basic unit of development policy and does not rigidly adhere to the existing administrative structure. The paper presents a specific example of a regional centre, the gateway cities, as a changing development path.

This research paper analyses shifts in the Visegrád Group's (Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) identity as a regional integration platform and, in particular, links between Europeanization, illiberalism and V4 geopolitical identity. This provides a background for investigating contested ideas of European integration that discursively frame Central Europe's 'illiberal regionalism'. I suggest that this regi onalism does not represent a coherent or stable political project. Tensions involved in this regionalist shift are exemplified by 'revolutionary' Hungarian and Polish national conservative agendas and their interaction with the more measured pragmatism of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. This analysis supports the argument that V4 cooperation represents an adjustable geopolitical space that reflects Hungarian and Polish cultural politics of national identity as well as more issue-oriented Czech and Slovak concerns. Moreover, V4 cooperation remains salient in order to prevent the political marginalization of its members.

The hospitality industry plays a significant role in regional development as its services are a prerequisite for tourism growth, which on the premises of sustainability has become a major contributor to socio-economic growth. Unfortunately, the hospitality industry has been continuously struggling with high employee turnover and a significant "within" and "out of" labour mobility, regardless of the phase of the business cycle, time, or geographical region. This could be reasoned by employees historically viewing offered jobs in the hospitality industry as low-paid, with little or no promotion possibilities, giving the employees little or no room for self-development and realization of their full potential as human beings, and thus "labelled" as low social status jobs; yet seasonal, stressful, time demanding, and monotonous. Therefore, drawing upon Carroll's (2015, 2016) four-dimensional concept of corporate social responsibility, this study, using a set of multiple regression analyses, empirically examines the effect of each dimension (economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic) on hospitality industry employees' attitudes and behaviour such as job satisfaction and organizational commitment, which eventually lead to lowering employees' turnover intentions. The sample under analysis (n = 411) was collected from employees of 24 small- or medium-size lodging enterprises located in Prague, as the small- to medium-size businesses are the "backbone" of local economies. Results indicate a significant influence of corporate social responsibility on the above-mentioned employees' attitudes or behaviour. However, not all four dimensions play the same role in stimulating the desired employees' behaviour outcome. This study also contributes to the literature on corporate social responsibility as scholarly literature gives it little room in relation to employees, especially in the Central European context.

The microbrewery market in the Czech Republic has experienced a tremendous boom, especially in the last 15 years. Recently, people have liked to try new things, and there is a growing demand for non-traditional types of beer offered by these companies. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, microbreweries have had to reduce activities or even close facilities. The paper aims to examine microbreweries' perception of competition threat, promotion, and activities during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic. We examined the differences related to four microbreweries' characteristics: the location of the facilities, the scale of the operations, the annual volume of beer production, and the number of years in business. The questionnaire survey was carried out in 105 microbreweries. We used statistical methods of Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, Mann-Whitney test, and Pearson's Chi-square test to prove research working hypotheses. The results show that microbreweries do not consider the threat of competition high. The beer production volume factor influences this perception of competition. We found that enterprises make the most use of websites and customer referrals in their promotions. We proved that the use of the web depends on the range of business activities. Finally, we analyzed the direct impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on microbreweries. The vast majority of the enterprises partially kept the operation running. Interestingly, some enterprises have taken advantage of the current situation to diversify their activities and look for new opportunities. The main factors that varied between enterprises, in this case, were the range of activities and years in business. The paper's originality is related to the first attempt to analyze the COVID-19 impact on the breweries during the lockdowns and government restrictions.