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In the post-socialist period, rural areas of Central and Eastern Europe underwent a complex transformation process that resulted in creation of numerous large-scale abandoned post-agricultural premises not unlike industrial brownfields. Our study aims to reveal hidden but critical points of successful and sustainable regeneration of abandoned and contaminated ruin of the former socialistic cowshed that can be transferred to other communities dealing with a similar issue. Our case study is located in the municipality Čejkovice in the South Moravian Region, Czech Republic. By means of qualitative analysis of all available documentation and interviews with stakeholders, we followed the unique and complicated story of the 30 years lasting (between 1990-2020) regeneration. The following factors governing successful regeneration process were identified: i) orientation on pro-environmental production encompassing certified organic agriculture; ii) preserving of heritage of the site; iii) transfer of know-how and support of start-up financial capital from Austria; iv) existing external market for products; v) networking of partners and cooperation with local farmers; vi) educational activities in the field of environmentally friendly agricultural production; vii) innovation in the field of greening of production, storage and distribution of products; viii) development of tourism activities as a specific way of communication with customers and potential suppliers.

Rural tourism seems to be an appropriate means of revitalizing abandoned rural areas and ensuring their sustainability in the future through job preservation or job creation. The Vojvodina Province (Northern Serbia) has very good resource potentials in rural tourism, but in order for rural tourist products to become competitive, it is necessary to work on the segmentation of the tourism market or consumer profiling. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the profiles of tourists, motivational factors that most influence the choice of rural tourism. The research was conducted in the traditional rural surroundings, on a sample of 491 respondents. A modified questionnaire was used, in which the basic motives were grouped into six market segments, and based on CFA analysis, in the software, SPSS Amos, version 21.00, the authors confirmed the hypothetical structure of factors, and the causal relationship of manifest variables and latent dimension rural tourism. More precisely, it has been established what the key motives that identify rural tourism in Vojvodina are. The research results showed that rest, or relaxation in nature with learning, are the main motives for visiting rural areas of Vojvodina. By segmenting the tourist users of rural tourism, it was determined that most of those tourists come for relaxation.

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are developing rapidly, but the deeper understanding of tourists' attitudes towards AVs is still little explored in social sciences. Bearing this in mind, this study aims to identify the expected changes in tourism arising from the technology, and the openness towards AV-based tourism services. For this, an online data collection (n = 671) has been completed among Hungarian tourists. Prior to the data collection, a literature review was conducted to identify and categorise the changes expected from the spread of AVs. Based on the empirical results, tourists would be willing to give up control to the AVs in a foreign environment, and so to pay more attention to the surroundings. The majority of respondents would be also open to participating in AI-based city tours, especially those with the "Extraversion" and "Openness to Experiences" personality types, based on the Big Five Theory. The findings can serve as a basis for practitioners in preparing for the technology and for the further analysis of attitudes towards tourism-based AV services (e.g., modeling of technology acceptance).

The paper investigates university social responsibility at Hungarian universities by examining their websites. Although the concept of university social responsibility has existed for nearly 20 years, the scope of its research and theoretical literature still falls far short of that of corporate social responsibility. There is extant literature on the topic including case studies from around the world showing the importance of university social responsibility. Nevertheless, the scope of thematic analysis of the topic is very narrow with only a few pieces of comprehensive systematic research published so far, and the theoretical literature only highlights the work of some major researchers. Due to the complexity of the topic, the amount of previous literature attempting to explore the effects of university social responsibility is also limited. The aim of this paper is to investigate how terms relating to social responsibility appear on the websites of Hungarian universities. In autumn 2019 research was carried out involving twenty-one universities. The paper analyses how social responsibility is visible on university websites based on given keywords. The research employed quantitative content analysis. The hypothesis was that based on visibility the same university categories can be formed according to the size and profile of the institutions. According to the authors' present knowledge no such research has been carried out in Hungary so far. There are some university website researches in different countries but with different purposes with the special focus on sustainability. So the method of the present research is an attempt to find out how to measure the social responsibility visibility of universities and how to make categorizations based on the analyses. The limitation of the research is, among others, that universities have different search engines on their websites, which can lead to the misinterpretation of results. The main findings are that the visibility of social responsibility based on website analyses depends not only on the size and profile of the institutions; therefore, the investigation of visibility can contribute to the creation of new categories proving that social responsibility is far beyond the size or profile of the universities. The findings can help institutions develop the conscious communication of their social responsibility activity, and provide assistance to the research community.

A relatively small but growing group of migrants nowadays are people moving to countries that are better known as migrant-sending locations. These voluntary migrants - frequently retired persons - decide on moving mostly in the hope of a better life quality they think to find abroad rather than in their own country. The property purchase of foreigners therefore related to this kind of migration, and relatively little attention is being paid to this kind of voluntary, lifestyle migration, though it can have a significant economic and social impact on the host country. Foreign property owners and several persons who are in contact with these foreigners were in-depth interviewed - as the special subject require empirical research methods - in the framework of the present research to determine the main motivations of property purchases in the Keszthely District of the West-Balaton Region, Hungary. Main motivating factors were identified as economic reasons, expectancy for a better, calmer new way of living and favourable climate conditions. Following the change of regime in Hungary three era in property purchase can be differentiated in the examined region based on the direction of migration with a gap between the first and second phase after the 2008 crisis.

This article aims to provide an insight into the largely under-researched issue of river cruise tourism on the Danube through an explorative analysis. The focus is on attraction accessibility in the context of the three major cities of pan-European Corridor VII. (Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade), based on the adaptation of the accessibility model by Geurs & van Wee (2004). Expert and stakeholder interviews have been carried out and analyzed to understand the general problems and suggested solutions of port and attraction accessibility of these cities. Results indicate that accessibility is influenced not only by transport components: rethinking temporal and individual components as well as developing land-use and transport components may be relevant to overcoming key issues like low water level, overtourism, reliability of services, urban traffic congestion and parking problems on roads. Our research results can serve as a source for urban and transport development strategies and summarizes product development proposals of the members of the tourism sector for cruise tourism on the Danube to ensure accessibility.

Events all around the world bring new challenges not only to tourists and tourism professionals, but also to law enforcement agencies. Today's new law enforcement challenges include, besides general police tasks, the elimination of terrorist threats in tourist destinations and at special events. Professional difficulties involve the lack of local knowledge of the stationed personnel, the estimated time of arrival at the venue, and the limitations of observation and communication in large crowds. The study, among other things, seeks to find out how recent events have influenced the leisure habits in tourist destinations and event venues, furthermore, whether news in the media generate a sense of security or mistrust in humans. If we go beyond the classical sense of security that is the freedom from unlawful acts, namely, from terrorist attacks, we should also mention many elements of technical security. The broad sense of security includes safety of the environment (built and natural), consumption and health. However, we can take a different view. Not only the tourists' safety needs to be emphasized and focused on, but safe tourism is also important for the residents in the tourist destination. In addition, there is an emerging trend that prefers nature and tranquility to busy cities and resorts bustling with tourists. The research seeks to find out what factors affect the employees in Western Hungary and the consumer behavior in tourism in Zala County, along with the cultural and social characteristics and the psychological needs (e.g.: motivation, perception, attitudes). How consumers see the security of tourism and what are the aspects that may be important when choosing a holiday destination. What kind of responses the agencies in tourism sector have had for security issues in recent years, which can prevent problems and increase the sense of security for those who want to relax.

The affluent society and its leisure lifestyle and luxury consumption can influence the future tourism trends. One key prerequisite shaping the future of luxury tourism is the shift in values from the material to the experiential purchases. It is related to the assumption that money spent on experiences can satisfy various people's needs. Moreover, the luxury consumption displays wealth and social status. This exploratory study, based on the questionnaire survey among clients of one of the Czech luxury tour operators, analyses the Czech luxury tourism market segment and reveals the luxury-driven attitudes and consumption patterns. In conclusion, the findings are compared with the results of similar foreign studies. The results suggest that Czech luxury tourists are both similar in a lot of cases (age group, motivation, type of accommodation, preferred destinations etc.) and different in comparison to the traditional European markets, especially regarding the financial possibilities. Most of the Czech tourists are willing to pay considerably lower amounts of money for luxury holidays. The frequency of their luxury holidays is also significantly lower. In this respect, but also for example in special interest (eco-friendly goods and services), the Czechs fall behind the European luxury tourists.

There has been a long way from the paper-based registration systems to the electronic registration platforms in the business registration models of both for-profit and non-profit organisations in the market. The company register is not only a dominant form of registration for the legal entities (organisations), it is also a crucial business factor in the economy for the commercial participants. Major challenges in the development of modern registers may be categorised as follows: enforcement of market transparency, wide application of various possibilities imminent in the electronic schemes, guarantee of an as broad access to the market as possible (enhancement of the simplest possible way to enter the market) and the follow up of the new regional trends in the integration challenges of the EU (endeavour for harmonisation and integration or linking of the company registers). Notwithstanding these efforts, there is quite a difference among the models of the commercial registers in the EU Member States.
The following article demonstrates the still existing diversification in the EU Member States by showing certain selected legal models of company registers. In analysing these divergent models, the authors wish to study and posit the Hungarian model as well within the context of the EU.

The market situation of European shopping centres has been significantly changed compared to previous decades for a number of reasons. Among other reasons, it is important to underline the ageing European population. Furthermore, the ratio of elderly is projected to increase further in Hungary. These demographic processes lead to wide range of socio-economic impacts on the country. One of the consequences that senior customers are becoming increasingly important target group for shopping centres nowadays. They have already had a considerable purchasing power in Budapest. Meanwhile, shopping centres in the capital city are still focusing on young generations. For this very reason, researches required to get a better insight into the behaviors of senior customers.
This paper aims to explore differences and similarities in shopping behaviors between different age groups of customers in the case of Árkád Budapest. The author gathered published official statistical information from the website of Hungarian Central Statistical Office (HCSO) and analyzed the current demographical situation in Budapest. The analysis of mall-visiting behaviors is based on questionnaire which contains responses of 156 purchasers. Descriptive statistical methods were implemented by the author. Expected research findings are support to increase our knowledge about mall-visiting behaviours of senior customers in Budapest.

The objective of the current analysis is to discover the territorial characteristics of the Hungarian Roma population and its changes during the last almost three decades. The basis of the investigation is provided by the census datasets from 1990 and 2011 - as auto-identification - and two surveys (the so-called CIKOBI survey from 1984-1987 and the survey of the University of Debrecen from 2010-2013), ensuring the external ethnic identification. The last census gave 315,000 Roma and the recent survey resulted in approximately 876,000 Roma people in Hungary.
The significant growth of the Roma population is obviously demonstrated and its regional disparities are also discovered. The most important regional characteristics came to light with weakening territorial backwardness by the ratio of Roma population living in towns is coming to the national value. However, the rapid growth of the Roma population is especially visible in the case of the districts with high ratio of Roma already during the 1980s (high values approximately doubled as well). This process is quite concentrated mostly in districts in the traditional backward areas of the country.

As a result of the urbanization crisis taking place in the developing world, nearly a quarter of the Earth's urban population lives in slums (WUP, 2014), amounting to a total of 881 million people in the developing countries in 2014 (UN-HABITAT, 2016). Without effective intervention, these figures are expected to increase in the future, since the urban population of the developing countries will have risen by almost 1 billion people by 2030 (WUP, 2018). Slum upgrading is therefore an area of paramount importance that is realized in practice by taking one of two approaches: one of the most common procedures is external or expert planning, when identifying the problem and developing and implementing a solution is done by experts. In the case of the other approach, these steps are realized by members of the given community with a facilitator - this is called community planning. This paper compares these two planning approaches using two slum upgrading programs in Kenya as examples, and it aims to use the experiences gained from them to support the hypothesis that the key to efficient slum upgrading is the active involvement of the affected community in the planning process; that is, community planning.

In our study we highlight the potential role of alternative food systems in local economic and community development through connecting literatures and good examples. We are focusing on a special short food supply chain form, named "buying groups". These sales channels are an alternative and innovative type of Community Supported Agriculture. Buying groups are grass-roots initiatives that support local food production and sales. Farmers and their buyers are a community, so that cooperation is beneficial to both the producer and the consumer. The primary advantage of the producer is that it can build up a direct and long-term relationship with its customers, locally sell its quality products, so it can operate cost-effectively and optimally. The consumers' advantage is that they are able to acquire food from healthy and safe sources, contributing to the preservation of their health and the development of the local economy. These good practices can fundamentally reform the increasingly globalizing consumer behaviour, strengthen identity and community spirit. Buying groups are still in their infancy in our country but have latent potential for stimulating many local economies and tourism. We would like to give an overview of the main results of our primary research conducted among members of Hungarian Alternative Food Buying Groups. In order to explore the sociometrics and lifestyles of communities, we revealed general consumer behaviour, the consumer types based on food buying behaviour, the demand and attitude of local food by using questionnaire survey.

The aim of the paper is to evaluate differences in the quality perception among particular segments of demand. Data for analysis were collected by means of the questionnaire survey among clients of accommodation establishments. The research in accommodation establishments succeeded to identify four factors of the perception of quality of services provided in those establishments, when only accommodation and catering services were taken into consideration. The most important factor of evaluation of quality of services provided in accommodation establishments emerged to be the factor "environment of the accommodation establishment". Other important factors are hygiene of the accommodation establishment, service in the catering part of the accommodation establishment and quality of meals.

Health is our most important value and resource - its preservation and development are crucial in terms of our quality of life and work. Health status is mainly influenced by lifestyle, health consciousness and the healthcare system, the accessibility and quality of health-related services. Rich literature discusses the relationship between housing conditions and health status as well. The disadvantaged socio-economic situation causes deteriorated living environments and, hence, the decline in health. Through the case of the Hungarian village of Bag and the Roma settlement located there, I would like to highlight the connection between housing conditions and health.

Since Max Weber, economists suggest that religious activity affects the European economic development, and this hypothesis was proven between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. Accordingly Protestant economic thinking accelerated the evolving system of capitalism, giving adequate attitudes to the accumulation of wealth. This research supposes that the mentioned capitalist approaches have their own impressions on visual arts, particularly on modern painting. It examines almost nine hundred religious paintings from the fifteenth to nineteenth centuries, investigating signs of business activities on the artworks. This form of qualitative examination apply the methodology of content analysis. As a result of the study the former hypothesis of Weber could be verified from multidisciplinary approach.

The paper aims to reposition urban cemeteries within the tourism supply and to showcase their values as cultural tourism products that can enrich visitors' experiences. Although urban cemeteries as ritual meeting points of life and death have become an integral part of city tourism, contemporary tourism literature mostly embeds them in dark tourism or thanatourism, neglecting the experience-rich potentials of cemeteries as cultural products. This paper rectifies this by arguing that cemetery tourism makes a fascinating cultural display for tourists, offering both nature-based and cultural activities, therefore, it can be rightfully placed in heritage and cultural tourism. The paper investigates foreign visitors' attitude at the National Graveyard in Budapest. During the empirical research 52 questionnaires were correctly filled in, followed by the same number of mini-interviews. The research findings confirmed the initial hypotheses: 1. Visitors regarded cemeteries as complex attractions representing both natural and cultural values, which added to the positive experiences of a Budapest city break. 2. There was no reference to the so called "d ark aspects" of cemeteries in the answers. 3. Although the satisfaction rate was high, the lack of visitors is a clear indication that the cemetery in Budapest has been so far undervalued as an urban attraction. On the negative side, respondents criticized the lack of information sources available prior to visit, the inefficient marketing and the undesirable neighbourhood. The paper ultimately aims to provide stakeholders solid, preliminary data that might serve as a launching pad for further larger-scale research.

Health tourism is one of the main development areas of tourism in Hungary. Health tourism development projects may initiate orders to the construction industry, preserve jobs, create new value and new jobs, and the multiplier effect may be beneficial for small and medium size enterprises in the surroundings of the investments. They can effectively contribute towards diminishing spatial and regional discrepancies, as thermal reservoirs are situated under 70% of the total land area of Hungary.
The paper presents the results of a survey carried out in 2010 in three spa towns in the western part of Hungary. The objective of the research was to identify the role of spa tourism in the competitiveness of the three Hungarian counties (Baranya, Somogy and Zala) of the Croatian-Hungarian border area. The survey was focused on the local population of the three towns, and on the visitors of the spas. The objective was to identify the key success factors of spa development, the level of tourist satisfaction, the impacts of the spa on the local community. The survey was a part of a large project that analysed the role of health tourism in improving the competitiveness of the Croatian - Hungarian border region.
The surveys were completed in August and September 2010, in three spa towns - Hévíz, Harkány and Nagyatád - on samples of 100 residents and 100 spa visitors, in each town.
Generally local residents showed a positive attitude towards the spa as an attraction for leisure and pleasure, appreciating bathing more than healing. They are rather satisfied with the spa services, but food and drinks, and fitness services are considered of lower quality. In Hévíz the spa prices were considered too high for value, and this is really the most expensive spa of the three. The local residents of Harkány complained about technical improvements needed, while the citizens of the small town Nagyatád were very satisfied with their spa.
In Nagyatád the spa was considered less important in the socioeconomic life of the town than in the other two famous spa towns. However, in Hévíz and Nagyatád the incomes earned and carreer prospects in the spa and related hotels were considered worse than the town average. The relationship between town leadership and spa were considered rather negative in Harkány. Local residents have positive feelings towards tourists, but the positive impacts of tourism are felt only in Hévíz, although here parking problems and high prices were felt as negative impacts. In Harkány the low number of tourists and the high prices were the main negative aspects, while in Nagyatád no negative impacts of tourism were felt.
The most marked differences in the visitors of the three spas are with respect to age, length of stay, the motivation and purpose of visit, the accommodation taken, the daily spending and cost of accommodation, and the opinions on the spa services. While the tipical visitor to Hévíz is elderly, near the pensioner age, and stays for about two weeks for a medical treatment, paying a high price for the accommodation, who is not completely satisfied with the services offered by the spa and by the town, the typical visitor to Harkány is rather similar, but spends much less on accommodation. The visitors to Nagyatád, however, are 3-4 years younger, spend only a

In the context of the cultural tourism, this paper focuses on the traditional folk event with national importance that is held in the Czech Republic and its name is Porta. The aim is to assess characteristic traits and satisfaction of two age categories of Porta's visitors. Through the realised research among visitors, the importance of segmentation was proved. Hence, it is crucial to focus on getting to know the visitors and their motivation. In addition to that, cultural events are also important for local government. According to the officials of local government, where this event is held, such events are able to attract visitors to the particular locality. However, they have only limited opportunities how to support these events (especially from the financial viewpoint).

Health tourism plays an important role in regional development - mainly in settlement development plans. This paper offers a composite competitiveness index for settlements - an index elaborated on the basis of general competitiveness theories, but which also utilises relevant factors of tourism competitiveness. Our analysis is limited to settlements with medicinal and thermal baths from two Hungarian regions, West Transdanubia and South Transdanubia. The former is a central region from the perspective of tourist flows and the latter is a peripheral region - which entails more opportunities for analysis. After a short review of currently recognised theoretical models, a composite index was constructed. The study attempts to explain the methodology of index-construction and the figures analysed; we finally analyse the results at sub-index level. The focus of the article is to demonstrate relevant factors of tourism competitiveness and to show the first results - basically to prepare for further, deeper investigation. The study is published in accordance with OTKA-project No. 106283.