Fulltext search in archive

Tourism is an important industry which affects the profits of national economy. A strong tourism sector directly contributes to the national income of the country, combats unemployment and improves the balance of payments. Tourism demand is usually measured by the number of tourist visits from an origin country to a destination country, in terms of tourist nights spent in the destination country or in terms of tourist expenditures by visitors from an origin country to the destination country. The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of international tourism demand for Greece and to quantify their influences. Four econometric models have been developed with different combinations of countries, to estimate tourist inflow data from twenty-eight European and non-European countries, for the period 1996-2015. Various potential determinants are investigated, including gross domestic product, currency, the average per capita tourism expenditure and the marketing expenses to promote tourism industry. The empirical results indicate that the explanatory variables affect the tourism demand of Greece and play an important role in strategies that affect total cost, demand, and structure of the Greek tourism market.

Gastronomy is currently undergoing a renaissance, different gastronomic trends influence the way menus are set up. The purpose of this study is to investigate the menu of a restaurant in a Transdanubian city in terms of sold portions and margins. After an unstructured interview with the manager, the breadth and depth of the offer were investigated. Then the data were examined, based on the restaurant's menu selection, traffic and cost data with the help of time series analysis. During the processing of time series data, the analysis takes into account seasonality and compares the same terminology of the years studied. With the turnover and cost data, the Kasavana and Smith portfolio analysis method was used and based on the margin and the number of portions sold, the Menu engineering worksheet was used to create the data series for the presentation. The research provides a detailed picture of sales decisions for the period 2016-2019. The results of the examination show that reducing the selection and offering special dishes are in line with the gastronomical trends, but not necessarily with the location of the restaurant and the needs of its target audience. Using the model, seasonality was examined for the first time, which did not prove that restaurant guests were looking for seasonal food. With a well-selected menu – which is one of the most important marketing communication tools - the restaurant is able to influence guests' food choices. Proper use of colours, shapes and prices all affect the guest's subconscious mind, which is responsible for a large percentage of decisions. The character of the restaurant and its guests are usually determined by the dishes on the menu. In the case of the investigated restaurant the solution could be to tailor the prices to the target group and to strengthen the marketing communication. The restaurant — taking advantage of the large space — can be used to serve different target groups by sharing the room.

The need to take action to mitigate the effects of climate change is widely recognized by governments and economic actors around the world. Likewise, an awareness of a more holistic approach to financing policy goals, so that all social, economic, and environmental aspects receive adequate consideration, has been on the rise, too. The UN sustainable development goals (SDGs) combined with the European Green Deal objectives have themselves induced a major funding challenge, which is now aggravated by the COVID crisis and the war in Ukraine. Development finance and investment are strongly needed. In the public finance sector, besides European institutions and national governments, national development banks (NDBs) play an important role in providing funds and implementing development and investment programmes. By using public and private funds, they are actively involved in financing infrastructure projects as well as they are acting as holding fund managers or financial intermediaries for different financial instruments such as investment platforms or EU funded financial instruments.
The paper assesses the compliance of European national development banks with sustainability requirements by exploring their strategic objectives and investment activities. The aim of the paper is to examine whether and how the contradiction between stimulating growth and maintaining a sustainable fiscal strategy can be resolved. The new obligations stemming from the EU Taxonomy rules and the weight of national development banks in investments and specifically in infrastructure finance gives particular relevance to the enquiry. 
European National Development Banks satisfy a wide range of specific missions to address market failures. They can be clustered based on the basis of the duration of their operations, the financial market situation and level of economic development in their country as well as the sustainable development index. The level of commitment the government makes to green growth and of the influence it holds over the bank has been observed to correlate with bank’s contribution to sustainable finance. The results of the analysis of their various management and investment areas show that the investments they currently finance are to a large extent harmonized with the sustainable finance requirements and regulations of the European taxonomy. Meanwhile, their mandates and the wider context of national development strategies continue to provide strong incentives for sustainable finance. 

The migration of health care workers is a longstanding process which causes shortages in the sending countries. The Eastern enlargements of the European Union strengthened the East-West migration flows causing serious political controversies and jeopardising medical services. Hungary is also heavily affected by these processes and in the last 10 years; thousands of doctors and nurses left the country. Managing migration processes requires complex policy answers with the involvement of actors from various spatial scales – but most of the studies on medical migration from Hungary focuses on the national scale. To fill this research gap, this study aims to analyse local political responses to the outmigration through the content analysis health care development documents to reveal the role of local scale. On local scale individual needs and preferences, emotional factors can influence the decision on staying or moving. Therefore, local policies, which take local features into account and apply place-based approach, can be useful elements of (re)migration policies in the case of health care workers, too.

The decentralization reform in Ukraine allowed the territorial communities to develop their Strategies of Development. The long-term planning should be based on an analysis of the socio-political state of the community and its socio-economic indicators. For analyze the socio-economic indicators of the city of Lutsk (2008–2018) in the main spheres of its life, which allow the study of various urban systems and control over their development according to management strategy involving citizens in urban planning, the sociological and statistical data for the certain period were used. According to sociological data, residents of Lutsk reoriented themselves from material problems to more important needs of a social, political and professional nature. The statistics demonstrate an improvement in a number of the economic indicators of its development, negative demographic trends and some paradoxes of public services. Sociological data and statistics demonstrate the primacy of resolving some of the issues related to the quality of human capital in the cooperation of scientists, city authorities, business and the public sector.

Biogas production has recently expanded across the post-communist Central European countries. This paper addresses the role of biogas plants based on agricultural resources (agri-food waste and agricultural crops) as a new factor of rural development in Poland and Slovakia, and so it contributes to the comprehensive research on effects of agricultural biogas energy production. The analysis is based on a set of quantitative and qualitative methods, and the results are thoroughly illustrated by two case studies of agricultural biogas plants representing specific features and circumstances of biogas plants in both countries. The results reveal mutual conditionality between operating plants and agricultural structures. The study also provides insight into the impact of agricultural biogas plants operation to the rural development including stabilization of agricultural production thanks to improvement of its multifunctionality and points to the differences between two kinds of biogas plants regarding their ownership and national legal specifics.

International and interregional migrations, the geographic form of human mobility have a number of social, economic and political effects. These impacts can vary depending on the reference period, region or sector as well as on the goals and aspects of our interpretation. Another important question in connection with regional competitiveness is how decision makers act and react after perceiving migratory movements. Analysing the interference between immigration and regional development, we can rely on the well-known migration theories, however, a comparison of further models and concepts relating development and regional issues can be more useful for researchers. These questions are relevant, since the issues of the regional science, such as regional competitiveness and regional policy, have in the background strong associations with migratory phenomena.
The aim of this study is to introduce the theoretical background, summarizing the mainstream solutions and the controversies as well. Thus the first part presents the role of the migration theories and these of the regional science in connection with the linkages between immigration and regional competitiveness. Besides it points out the importance of immigrants' inclusion. The next section focuses, complemented with the outcomes of a multivariate statistical analysis, on the theories on determinants and causalities of migration, exploring the connecting points with the issues of the regional policy.

In the study, we use the Beveridge curve to examine the labor market processes in Hungary, and in three selected counties, in recent years. The counties were selected on the basis of the highest public employment rates in 2019. The subjects of our further labor market analyzes were Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg and Békés counties. For the counties, the curves were made using two methods for the period 2013-2019, first the unemployment rate for the working age population (15-64 years) and then the public employment indicator were compared with the job vacancy rate. In the course of the research, we examined the relationship between the unemployment rate and the public employment indicator in the selected counties. To examine the correlation, Pearson's correlation analysis was performed. With the correlation calculation, we were able to get an answer to the strength of the relationship between the variables (in our case, the two labor market indicators). In connection with the coefficient, we examined the percentage by which one criterion explains the variance of the other criterion using a coefficient of determination.

This paper deals with the importance of print products in SME corporate communications. To this end, the interest of customers of a German tour operator belonging to the SME in printed travel literature is analyzed. For this purpose, two independent samples with n=1,500 each are examined. An influence of the characteristics age, gender, place of residence can be proven. In each case, the influence is of medium strength. Logistic regression is then used to try to explain better the consumption of printed travel literature. In addition, the economic importance of a customer, which was determined during a customer segmentation, is included. It becomes clear that the place of residence with age and customer segment are of particular importance. This shows that print cannot be dispensed with in corporate communications in certain target groups. It also becomes clear that optimal coordination of corporate communications can be developed into a competitive advantage for SMEs. Namely, when a target group that differs from the overall population is reached more efficiently than by national or international competitors.

This study examines the economic structure and performance of urban catchment areas. The five largest Hungarian regional centers are a traditional part of the Hungarian city network, as they are the five most populous cities after Budapest. The approach of territorial research is increasingly focused on the fact that the city as a center should not be studied without its immediate surroundings (agglomeration, region, catchment area). This study also keeps this in mind. The data were processed for the period between 1992 and 2015, on the basis of which the change can also be examined. Development trajectories show very different tendencies; Győr operates the catchment area as a strong center, while the surroundings of Pécs became fragmented due to the weakness of the center. Miskolc is characterized by a stagnant area, where the operation of another sub-center is very intensive, thus improving economic performance. Szeged is a solid center, whose catchment area is stabilized by several substations. The area of Debrecen is divided, the center is not able to energize its area.

The concept of territorial capital, presented by the authors as an alternative to exogenous, FDI-driven economic restructuring strategies, has fertilised regional development policy thinking in multiple ways. Triggering reflections on the bottom-up reconceptualisation of regional policy, it has a particular salience in peripheral or lagging regions due to its potential to reverse deeply-entrenched core-periphery relations. The paper discusses the concept of territorial capital with a view to its policy embeddedness and academic valorisation. The structure of the paper is as follows. The first section presents the theoretical antecedents and conceptual evolution of the notion of territorial capital. This is followed by a brief discussion of the relevance of territorial capital in non-core or peripheral Central European contexts. The concluding section seeks to identify the main obstacles to collaborative and integrated strategy-making relying on the territorial capital approach in the case study city of Pécs, demonstrating its crucial absence from post-2000 top-down regional development programmes.

This article aims to provide an insight into the largely under-researched issue of river cruise tourism on the Danube through an explorative analysis. The focus is on attraction accessibility in the context of the three major cities of pan-European Corridor VII. (Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade), based on the adaptation of the accessibility model by Geurs & van Wee (2004). Expert and stakeholder interviews have been carried out and analyzed to understand the general problems and suggested solutions of port and attraction accessibility of these cities. Results indicate that accessibility is influenced not only by transport components: rethinking temporal and individual components as well as developing land-use and transport components may be relevant to overcoming key issues like low water level, overtourism, reliability of services, urban traffic congestion and parking problems on roads. Our research results can serve as a source for urban and transport development strategies and summarizes product development proposals of the members of the tourism sector for cruise tourism on the Danube to ensure accessibility.

The affluent society and its leisure lifestyle and luxury consumption can influence the future tourism trends. One key prerequisite shaping the future of luxury tourism is the shift in values from the material to the experiential purchases. It is related to the assumption that money spent on experiences can satisfy various people's needs. Moreover, the luxury consumption displays wealth and social status. This exploratory study, based on the questionnaire survey among clients of one of the Czech luxury tour operators, analyses the Czech luxury tourism market segment and reveals the luxury-driven attitudes and consumption patterns. In conclusion, the findings are compared with the results of similar foreign studies. The results suggest that Czech luxury tourists are both similar in a lot of cases (age group, motivation, type of accommodation, preferred destinations etc.) and different in comparison to the traditional European markets, especially regarding the financial possibilities. Most of the Czech tourists are willing to pay considerably lower amounts of money for luxury holidays. The frequency of their luxury holidays is also significantly lower. In this respect, but also for example in special interest (eco-friendly goods and services), the Czechs fall behind the European luxury tourists.

The objective of the current analysis is to discover the territorial characteristics of the Hungarian Roma population and its changes during the last almost three decades. The basis of the investigation is provided by the census datasets from 1990 and 2011 - as auto-identification - and two surveys (the so-called CIKOBI survey from 1984-1987 and the survey of the University of Debrecen from 2010-2013), ensuring the external ethnic identification. The last census gave 315,000 Roma and the recent survey resulted in approximately 876,000 Roma people in Hungary.
The significant growth of the Roma population is obviously demonstrated and its regional disparities are also discovered. The most important regional characteristics came to light with weakening territorial backwardness by the ratio of Roma population living in towns is coming to the national value. However, the rapid growth of the Roma population is especially visible in the case of the districts with high ratio of Roma already during the 1980s (high values approximately doubled as well). This process is quite concentrated mostly in districts in the traditional backward areas of the country.

There has been a long way from the paper-based registration systems to the electronic registration platforms in the business registration models of both for-profit and non-profit organisations in the market. The company register is not only a dominant form of registration for the legal entities (organisations), it is also a crucial business factor in the economy for the commercial participants. Major challenges in the development of modern registers may be categorised as follows: enforcement of market transparency, wide application of various possibilities imminent in the electronic schemes, guarantee of an as broad access to the market as possible (enhancement of the simplest possible way to enter the market) and the follow up of the new regional trends in the integration challenges of the EU (endeavour for harmonisation and integration or linking of the company registers). Notwithstanding these efforts, there is quite a difference among the models of the commercial registers in the EU Member States.
The following article demonstrates the still existing diversification in the EU Member States by showing certain selected legal models of company registers. In analysing these divergent models, the authors wish to study and posit the Hungarian model as well within the context of the EU.

The urban development methods in the 21st century focus more and more on the different kinds of IT solutions which are increasingly embedded in the operation of urban functions. Therefore, great attention has to be paid on them during the planning process. The so-called smart city solutions are of key importance from the cities' social-economic development viewpoint, and together with their rapid spread, their scientific analysis is very important as well.
This article deals with the growing importance of cities in the 21st century. Different factors affect this process. The first one is demographic change, the global increase of urban population. The second factor is the technological revolution, which significantly transforms the operation and understanding of our cities. The third one is the increasing economic role as well as the changing governance issues of cities.
After introducing these background factors of the changing urban environment, the article focuses more on the smart city solutions. Firstly, it deals with the differences and uncertainties of its definition as well as the appearance of the related definitions. Secondly, it introduces the scientific discourse of the topic, to illustrate the most important differences, debates and arguments emerging in relation with the smart city developments. The last part of the article highlights the social development aspects of smart city developments, their role in decreasing social inequalities.

The paper aims to reposition urban cemeteries within the tourism supply and to showcase their values as cultural tourism products that can enrich visitors' experiences. Although urban cemeteries as ritual meeting points of life and death have become an integral part of city tourism, contemporary tourism literature mostly embeds them in dark tourism or thanatourism, neglecting the experience-rich potentials of cemeteries as cultural products. This paper rectifies this by arguing that cemetery tourism makes a fascinating cultural display for tourists, offering both nature-based and cultural activities, therefore, it can be rightfully placed in heritage and cultural tourism. The paper investigates foreign visitors' attitude at the National Graveyard in Budapest. During the empirical research 52 questionnaires were correctly filled in, followed by the same number of mini-interviews. The research findings confirmed the initial hypotheses: 1. Visitors regarded cemeteries as complex attractions representing both natural and cultural values, which added to the positive experiences of a Budapest city break. 2. There was no reference to the so called "d ark aspects" of cemeteries in the answers. 3. Although the satisfaction rate was high, the lack of visitors is a clear indication that the cemetery in Budapest has been so far undervalued as an urban attraction. On the negative side, respondents criticized the lack of information sources available prior to visit, the inefficient marketing and the undesirable neighbourhood. The paper ultimately aims to provide stakeholders solid, preliminary data that might serve as a launching pad for further larger-scale research.

For a long time, companies in the financial sector and their management were measured exclusively in terms of business success. However, the public debate on issues such as equality, diversity, inclusion, and sustainability has now also reached the financial sector.
At the same time, brands are increasingly being asked to demonstrate their attitude. Financial service providers are increasingly meeting this demand. However, the distribution of financial and insurance products in Germany is largely carried out by commercially independent small and medium-sized distribution partners.
This research project aims to identify the significance of the career building block 'ethical competence' for a career in financial services sales. Within the framework of a qualitative content analysis, 50 German-language university study programs in the field of "sales management" are examined. The consideration of ethical aspects in the curriculum is investigated. In a second step, a large-scale survey of sales managers will be conducted. This will determine the extent to which the study programs meet the expectations of practice regarding business ethics.

In this research, tourism was underlined as a health protection practice, which is focused upon the perception by individuals of Coronavirus-19 danger and uncertainty, particularly in Jordan perspective. The study investigates the effect on behavioral purpose on untact tourism of Coronavirus-19 risk perception and ambiguity, depended upon the theoretical models of the extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Health Belief Model (HBM). The online survey was conducted among Jordanian adults in April and May 2020. A total of 380 questionnaires about data collection were used. The results indicate that the perception of affective risk is a major precedent for attitude, while it has been shown that the perception of cognitive risk has a positive impact on attitude. There has also been a positive influence on perceptions on perceived ambiguity. This research has timely and insightful implications for tourism practitioners needed to prepare the post-corona sector for the new standard after the minimum living experience of an unexpected pandemic.

The paper investigates university social responsibility at Hungarian universities by examining their websites. Although the concept of university social responsibility has existed for nearly 20 years, the scope of its research and theoretical literature still falls far short of that of corporate social responsibility. There is extant literature on the topic including case studies from around the world showing the importance of university social responsibility. Nevertheless, the scope of thematic analysis of the topic is very narrow with only a few pieces of comprehensive systematic research published so far, and the theoretical literature only highlights the work of some major researchers. Due to the complexity of the topic, the amount of previous literature attempting to explore the effects of university social responsibility is also limited. The aim of this paper is to investigate how terms relating to social responsibility appear on the websites of Hungarian universities. In autumn 2019 research was carried out involving twenty-one universities. The paper analyses how social responsibility is visible on university websites based on given keywords. The research employed quantitative content analysis. The hypothesis was that based on visibility the same university categories can be formed according to the size and profile of the institutions. According to the authors' present knowledge no such research has been carried out in Hungary so far. There are some university website researches in different countries but with different purposes with the special focus on sustainability. So the method of the present research is an attempt to find out how to measure the social responsibility visibility of universities and how to make categorizations based on the analyses. The limitation of the research is, among others, that universities have different search engines on their websites, which can lead to the misinterpretation of results. The main findings are that the visibility of social responsibility based on website analyses depends not only on the size and profile of the institutions; therefore, the investigation of visibility can contribute to the creation of new categories proving that social responsibility is far beyond the size or profile of the universities. The findings can help institutions develop the conscious communication of their social responsibility activity, and provide assistance to the research community.

The relevance of this research is determined by the need for scientific substantiation of the use of advertising and PR-technologies in the field of higher education in order to improve the management of the university in the international educational services market. Over the past ten years, the market for educational services has changed significantly: new agents and training formats have appeared, competition between universities for consumers has increased, the requirements of employers for the level and quality of education of graduates have changed significantly. Global and local market conditions are constantly changing and thus create a difficult to predict environment. In this regard, they need to develop an effective advertising and PR strategy to create competitive advantages. The development and implementation of effective advertising and PR activity requires an individual approach that takes into account the specifics of the educational institution and, above all, the specifics of the market in which they operate.
The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the use of advertising and PR technologies used by universities in Russia on the basis of the obtained results the development of recommendations on advertising and PR technologies for the effective functioning of Russian universities on the international market of educational services. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were formulated: to study the features of advertising and PR technologies in the market of educational services; to identify relevant communication technologies used by the university in the work with the target audience.
The research methodology includes the following set of empirical methods: analysis of websites of Russian on such criterions as informativeness, usability, website design, functionality and location in search results; content analysis of accounts of Russian on social networks listed on the official website of the universities with a relevant link. For the study, Russian universities included in QS World University Rankings 2020 were selected, they were classified into 4 groups: National universities with the status of "unique scientific and educational complexes, the country's oldest universities, of great importance for the development of Russian society", National Research universities are awarded for a ten-year term on a competitive basis with the aim of creating on their basis advanced world-class research and educational centers, Federal universities and Flagship, regional universities.

The situation with the COVID-19 pandemic has a negative impact on the development of tourism. It imposes restrictions on both tourism supply and tourism demand. Government lockdowns travel businesses and, at the same time, restricts the freedom of movement. Thus, the supply and demand sides have to cope with the exogenous shocks. The first evidence of experience and reactions of travel businesses was presented in early March 2020. Data from bookings describes how visitors start to adapt their travel behavior to the exit strategies. Even rural tourism is affected by the worldwide spread crisis. To highlight the impacts on rural tourism, this research focuses on middle and small-sized entrepreneurs (e.g., farmers, winemakers, local private rural museums, local accommodation providers; local providers of hippotherapy) and on local tourist organizations (e. g. DMO, tourist information centers) involved in rural tourism. The aim of this study is to show how they overcame the situation with the COVID-19 pandemic. In other words, the study describes the changes in visitor behavior from the perspective of rural tourism providers. The research is based on a case study of South Moravia and applies both qualitative (a questionnaire survey) and quantitative (interviews) methods. The research data shows that rural tourism providers manage to cope with the government restrictions and tailor their services to new customers'' requirements as well. Besides the loss of incomes, tourism service providers face a decrease in the number of visitors, and thus they suffer a slump in sales. The majority of all rural tourism providers responded that their segment of visitors had changed. More specifically, the absence of foreign visitors was replaced by domestic ones.