DETUROPE - The Central European Journal of Regional Development and Tourism 2017, 9(3):61-84 | DOI: 10.32725/det.2017.022

Spatial imbalances in the United Kingdom after the Millennium: a focus on the cities

Zsuzsanna Zsibók
Research fellow. Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre for Economic and Regional Studies Institute for Regional Studies

Keywords: regional inequalities, cities, metropolitan areas, United Kingdom

During the recovery after the economic crisis, much academic and policy attention was diverted to the role of cities as growth hubs all over Europe and the world. Significant economic disparities are a long-standing problem for the United Kingdom as a whole, which have been growing for decades and are remarkably high among the most developed OECD and EU countries. To investigate recent spatial processes, the methodology of our research relies on comparative spatial data analysis and literature review. Our analyses will cover the issue of a spatially more balanced development based on the "northern powerhouse" initiative which builds upon the collective strength of the cities in the North. Addressing the 'national' problem of regional inequalities, spatial rebalancing is assumed to be inevitable, especially in the light of the new economic and regional challenges posed by the Brexit decision.

Published: October 31, 2017  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Zsibók, Z. (2017). Spatial imbalances in the United Kingdom after the Millennium: a focus on the cities. DETUROPE - The Central European Journal of Regional Development and Tourism9(3), 61-84. doi: 10.32725/det.2017.022
Download citation

References

  1. Baker, A. R. H., & Billinge, M.D. (eds.) (2004). Geographies of England: the North-South Divide - Imagined and Material. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Go to original source...
  2. Bell, D. N. F., & Eiser, D. (2016). Migration and fiscal policy as factors explaining the labour-market resilience of UK regions to the Great Recession. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 9, 197-215 Go to original source...
  3. Bessis, H. (2016). Competing with the continent. How UK cities compare with their European counterparts. Centre for Cites
  4. Centre for Cities (2017a) Why don't we see growth up and down the country? [pdf] Retrieved from: http://brexit.regionalstudies.org/custom/uploads/2017/04/Centre-for-Cities-Why-dont-we-see-growth-up-and-down-the-country.pdf
  5. Centre for Cities (2017b) Cities Outlook 2017. Retrieved from: http://www.centreforcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Cities-Outlook-2017-Web.pdf
  6. City Growth Commission (2014). Unleashing Metropolitan Growth. Royal Society for the Arts, London.
  7. City of London Corporation (2011). London's Competitive Place in the UK and Global Economies. Research Report, City of London Corporation, London.
  8. Dijkstra, L. (2013). Why investing more in the capital can lead to less growth. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 6, 251-268 Go to original source...
  9. Fothergill, S., & Houston, D. (2016). Are big cities really the motor of UK regional economic growth? Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 9, 319-334. Go to original source...
  10. Ganesh, J. (2015). Disunited kingdom: London in a world of its own, The Financial Times, 2 March, The Financial Times: London.
  11. Gardiner, B. - Martin, R. - Sunley, P. - Tyler, P. (2013). Spatially unbalanced growth in the British economy. Journal of Economic Geography 13, 889-928. Go to original source...
  12. Gardiner, B., Martin, R., & Tyler, P. (2011). Does spatial agglomeration increase national growth? Some evidence from Europe, Journal of Economic Geography, 11 (6), 1-28. Go to original source...
  13. Gordon, I. (2016). Quantitative easing of and International Financial Centre: how central London came so well out of the post-2007 Crisis. Cambridge Journal of Regions, economy and Society, 9, 336-353. Go to original source...
  14. Gudgin, G., & Schofield, A. (1993). The Emergence of the North-South Divide and its Projected Future. In: Harrison, R.T. - Hart, M. (eds.) Spatial Policy in a Divided Nation. Regional Policy and Development Series 2. Regional Studies Association, Jessica Kingsley Publishers Ltd., London
  15. Hildreth, P., & Bailey, D. (2013). The economics behind the move to 'localism' in England. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 6, 233-249. Go to original source...
  16. HM Government (2010). Local Growth: Realising Every Place's Potential, Cm 7961. HM Government.
  17. HM Government (2017). Midlands Engine Strategy. Department for Communities and Local Government, March 2017
  18. HM Treasury (2015). Fixing the foundations: Creating a more prosperous nation. July, 2015 Retrieved from: http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/23490/1/Productivity_Plan_web.pdf
  19. IPPR urges government to prioritise HS3 link. 8 August 2016. BBC News. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-37011839
  20. Magnifico, G. (1973). European Monetary Unification. New York: John Wiley. Go to original source...
  21. Marshall, M. (1990). Regional alternatives to economic decline in Britain's industrial heartland: industrial restructuring and local economic intervention in the West Midlands conurbation. In: Stöhr, W.B. (ed.) Global challenge and local response - Initiatives for economic regeneration in contemporary Europe. London, Mansell, pp. 163-198.
  22. Martin, R. (2008). National growth versus spatial equality? A cautionary note on the new 'trade-off' thinking in regional policy discourse. Regional Science, Policy & Practice 1 (1), 3 - 13. Go to original source...
  23. Martin, R. (2015). Rebalancing the Spatial Economy: The Challenge for Regional Theory. Territory, Politics, Governance, 3 (3), 235-272. Go to original source...
  24. Martin, R., Pike, A., Tyler, P., & Gardiner, B. (2015). Spatially rebalancing the UK economy: The need for a new policy model. Regional Studies Association, March 2015 Go to original source...
  25. Martin, R., Sunley, P., Tyler, P., & Gardiner, B. (2016). Divergent cities in post-industrial Britain. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 9, 269-299. Go to original source...
  26. McCann, P. (2016). The UK Regional-National Problem. Geography, Globalisation and Governance. Routledge, Abingdon and New York
  27. Osborne G. (2014). We Need a Northern Powerhouse. Speech delivered in Manchester 23 June. Retrieved from: https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/chancellor-we-need-a-northern-powerhouse, accessed 06 September 2016)
  28. Overman, H. G. (2013). The Economic Future of British Cities. Centerpiece, Summer.
  29. Rowthorn, R. (2010). Combined and Uneven Development: Reflections on the North-South Divide, Spatial Economic Analysis, 5:4, pp. 363-388 Go to original source...
  30. Smith, I. R. (2010). Relocation: Transforming Where and How Government Works. HM Treasury, London.
  31. SQW (2016). The Northern Powerhouse Independent Economic Review. Retrieved from: http://www.transportforthenorth.com/wp-content/uploads/Northern-Powerhouse-Independent-Economic-Review-Executive-Summary.pdf
  32. Sturgeon, N. (2014). Speech to Scotland's Business Sector, SSE Business Offices, Glasgow, Scottish Government 1 December, 2014.
  33. Wilcox, Z., Nohrova, N., & Bidgood, E. (2014). City views: How do Britain's Cities See London? Centre for Cities, London.
  34. Zipf, G. (1949). Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort, Addison-Wesley, New York
  35. Zsibók, Z. (2017). Continuing divergence after the crisis: long-term regional economic development in the United Kingdom. Regional Statistics, 7(1), 17-42. Go to original source...

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.